Growth and Development of Dentofacial Complex influenced by Genetic and Environmental Factors using Monozygotic Twins

Abstract

Aim:The purpose of this study was to determine the possible effects of genetic and environmental factors on dentofacial complex using monozygotic twins. Materials and methods:The study sample was made of 21 pairs of monozygotic twins (14 female pairs and seven male pairs) between 10 and 25 years. Pretreatment lateral cephalograms were used which were traced and digitized, and various landmarks to determine the anteroposterior and vertical proportions were marked. Samples were divided into two groups. The correlation between groups was found by calculating Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients. Results:The range of the correlation coefficient was from 0.705 to 0.952. Gonial angle showed the highest correlation coefficient (0.952), while saddle angle showed the lowest correlation coefficient (0.705). Conclusion:The growth and development of craniofacial complex is under mutifactorial control. However, genetic influences do tend to play a dominant role.Clinical significance: By studying identical twins, we can study about the interaction of the environment with the genes and how it affects the growth and development of the body in general and dentofacial complex in particular. By utilizing twin studies, we can identify whether a particular trait, disease, or disorder is influenced more strongly by genetics or by the environment. Success of orthodontic treatment depends on a proper diagnosis of the problem including its etiological factors. Genetic studies let the orthodontists to understand the effects of genetic and environmental factors in the growth and development of dentofacial complex better and allows to prevent or treat malocclusions and skeletal anomalies in better ways. Growth and Development of Dentofacial Complex influenced by Genetic and Environmental Factors using Monozygotic Twins

Heredabilidad de los componentes de las medidas cefalométricas ODI, APDI y del Triángulo de McNamara en pacientes con maloclusión esquelética clase II y clase III, que asisten a la clínica odontológica de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia

“…Manjusha y cols en 2017 (29), en una muestra de gemelos monocigóticos, mediante cefalogramas laterales de pretratamiento, encontraron un coeficiente de correlación alto, de la medida Gonion-Gnation (Go-Gn) de 0.826. Estos hallazgos tambien con- pares de gemelos y encontrando un efecto genético fuerte en la longitud mandibular, con un valor p de 0.03.…”

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Runt-related Transcription Factor 2 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Impact on Their Maxillary and Mandibular Gene Expression in Different Craniofacial Patterns - A Comparative Study

“…[ 1 2 ] The growth process of the maxilla and other midfacial bones is associated with the growth of the mandible and the cranial base. [ 3 4 ] Variations in craniofacial growth lead to different sagittal and vertical morphological patterns. [ 5 6 7 ] Sagittal patterns are most frequently classified into skeletal malocclusion Class I, II, and III,[ 8 ] whereas vertical patterns are differentiated into mesofacial, dolichofacial, and brachyfacial facial growth patterns.…”

“…Many molecular and genetic factors are responsible for triggering the growth process. [ 1 2 4 ] Among them, runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2 ) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( BMP2 )[ 2 ] should be highlighted due to their important role in the craniofacial development.…”

Craniofacial Analysis May Indicate Co-Occurrence of Skeletal Malocclusions and Associated Risks in Development of Cleft Lip and Palate

“…Additionally, there is evidence that environmental factors have a role in the etiology of nsCLP and specific gene-by-environment interactions have been identified [20,21]. Dentofacial deformities, also known as skeletal malocclusions, and defined as malocclusions associated with abnormal skeletal growth patterns that are not syndromic, have also been found to be under strong genetic control with an additional environmental influence [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and often co-exist with nsCLP [29][30][31][32].…”