Syzygium aromaticum is used in combination with other plants as an alcoholic infusion by traditional practitioners to treat infections. It has been selected for evaluation for its antimicrobial properties to justify its use in traditional pharmacopoeia. The fruits were used as plant material while the microbial germs consisted of six reference strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022, Candida albicans ATCC 35659 and their clinical counterparts. The extracts were obtained by aqueous decoction, hydroethanolic and ethanolic macerations. The phytochemical screening was performed by chemical staining tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the well diffusion method and the MIC and MBC or MFC were determined using the 96-well microplate dilution method. The results showed that 66.67% of the strains tested were sensitive to the aqueous extract with inhibition diameters ranging from 15 to 21 mm and MIC and MCB or MFC between 0.0976-0.3906 mg/mL and 0.1953-07812 mg/mL respectively, thus determining bacteriostatic activity. 100% of the germs tested were sensitive to hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts. The inhibition diameters range from 12-28 mm for hydroethanolic extract with MIC and MBC or MFC ranging from 0.0488-0.3906 mm and 0.0488-0.7812 mm respectively. The ethanolic extract gave inhibition diameters of 12-26 mm; MIC and MBC or MFC ranging from 0.
Caesalpinia bonduc, Mondia Whitei, Carissa spinarum and Syzygium aromaticum are four medicinal plants used alone or in combination in the production of traditional liquors in Togo to treat infertility, impotence and infections. They were selected on the basis of an ethnobotanical survey among Togolese traditional medicine practitioners to be evaluated for their toxicological effects and antioxidant properties. The phytochemical extraction was carried out on the powders of the roots, leaves and seeds of C. bonduc, the roots and leaves of M. whitei, the roots of C. spinarum and the leaves of S. aromaticum. The toxicity of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each plant organ were checked in vitro on shrimp larvae and in antioxidant tests. The toxicity test showed that, the seven hydroethanolic extracts had their LC50 between 0.20 and 1.85 mg/ml and were all above 0.1 mg/ml, LC50 threshold set for in vitro toxicity tests. Concerning antioxidant activity, the DPPH antiradical test showed that the fourteen extracts had it IC50 between 38.21 to 96.10 μg/mL, higher than 7.79 µg/mL which is the IC50 of quercetin used as a standard drug. The results showed that the extracts had antioxidant activity and were not toxic to shrimp larvae in vitro. However, toxicity studies will be further evaluated in vivo in animals to prove their safety and their use in traditional medicine in Togo.
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