In the present study we evaluated the musselspat feed MySpat formulated by INVE Technologies (Dendermonde, Belgium) in combination with small quantities of microalgae as a complete diet for young mussel seed Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819). Three different food levels were tested: a continuous algae supply over a period of 24 h of 150 cells ml-1 (Control diet 1, C 1), 75 ml-1 (C 2) and 24 cells ml-1 (C 3). In three additional treatments C 2 was supplemented with 2.8% and C 3 with 2.8% and 4.3% MySpat respectively. Percentage was calculated on life weight (LW). Mussel spat belonging to treatments C 3 + 2.8%MySpat and C 3 + 4.3%MySpat gained almost twice as much weight as the mussels fed the nonsupplemented algae diet C 3. There was no significant difference between the two supplementation levels, indicating that a level of 2.8% was sufficient. The mussel spat that received the supplement MySpat grew as fast as the animals that received 75 cells ml-1 being 702% increase in wet weight (WW) in 3 wk, so the same result was obtained with only 1/3 of the algae. This is interesting when one considers that the mussel spat in the last week of the experiment received 95% dry weight (DW) formulated feed and only 5% DW algae. The growth was well balanced between shell growth and increase of tissue weight, because the organic matter content of the animals was equal to or even higher than the positive control animals. Mussel seed on the C 3 diet had a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 6.6 mg gDW-1 , whereas this content quadrupled to 28.1 mg gDW-1 when 2.8% MySpat was given in addition to the algae diet, reaching levels even higher than for the positive control treatment. The fatty acid composition reflected the diet-composition, hereby proving the ingestion and assimilation of the diet. It is suggested that mussel seed regulate arachidonic acid (ARA) levels and keep the absolute amount in their tissues at 0.4 mg gDW-1 .
Lymphoid cells from most inbred mouse strains respond to amphotericin B (AmB)-induced immunostimulation. However, C57BL/6 mice and related strains display low or absent lymphoid cell stimulation by AmB and enhanced susceptibility to AmB toxicity. Experiments reported here show that in vitro incubation with AmB can stimulate AKR (AmB-high responder strain) macrophage proliferation. Intraperitoneal injection of AKR mice with AmB also elicits a population of macrophages primed for enhanced oxidative burst activity after triggering by zymosan particles. Under the same experimental conditions, AmB elicits a population of very weakly responsive macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. The low responsiveness of C57BL/6 macrophages correlates with previous observations that AmB is a potent immunoadjuvant and B cell mitogen in most inbred strains, but it selectively lacks immunoadjuvant effects in C57BL/6 mice and it also fails to induce polyclonal B cell stimulation in their spleen cell suspensions. Similarly, in measurements of protein synthesis in vitro, high concentrations of AmB produce a greater inhibition of protein synthesis in C57BL/6 peritoneal macrophages than in parallel cultures of AKR macrophages. These findings support the hypothesis that the macrophage is an important target cell in the mediation of AmB-induced immunomodulation.
With the recent launch of the Global Development Lab in the Hunter and Stephanie Hunt Institute for Engineering and Humanity, fellows, faculty, and industry professionals have been working to create meaningful solutions to promote a resilient humanity, addressing the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and challenges. The Institute has taken on Dr. Ali Beskok’s project, the development of a low cost, portable, Point-of-Care-Device for humanitarian and health applications. This paper provides a systematic review of current Point-of-Care-Devices using antibody antigen reactions. Additionally, it provides aspects of a market analysis and a literature review. Its overarching goal is to make recommendations regarding a disease the developing device could test for through antibody antigen reactions that would most positively affect global health. Traditionally, biomedical engineers have developed technologies in response to the needs of the developed world’s medical community. These approaches often do not address the needs of the majority of the world’s peoples afflicted with both communicable and non-communicable diseases as the developments are far too costly and those with most need have, at best, limited access to supporting clinical laboratory infrastructure in developing countries. A gap in care has emerged as a result of these conditions. As a result, Drs. Beskok and Koklu have developed a Lab-on-a-Chip technology that can test for a chosen disease with a turnaround time of just a few seconds and a detection limit of 1 ng of antigen per 1 mL of sample fluid. In contrast to other commonly used PoCD’s, this technology can be adapted for detection of various diseases in various settings. This is a great improvement to current devices on the market in specificity, sensitivity, and ease of use, therefore making it particularly useful in high-throughput, low-skill staffing environments. In creating disease selection criteria for Dr. Beskok and his team’s device, several factors were taken into consideration. Generally, the selection criteria consists of diseases that result in a high DALY value, are communicable, identifiable with antibody-antigen reactions, and can be tested for using urine. The diseases that were identified with this criterion were Tuberculosis and Malaria. Various antibody-antigen recommendations for diagnosis, advantages, and limitations of the proposed Point-of-Care-Device are discussed in the Proposed Disease section. In addition, current funding for each disease is overviewed. In order to make the greatest impact, deployment of the PoCD in the Sub-Saharan region, most specifically the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone are recommended. Furthermore, children under the age of 5 who suffer from malnutrition should be given special attention. Focusing in these locations and populations will best aid in accomplishing the third Sustainable Development Goal set out by the UN: to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages.
These studies document certain features of the splenic IgA plaque-forming cell response and the serum IgA antibody content in BALB/c mice following immunization with TNP-BγG. Differences in the magnitude and temporal sequence of the indirect (IgA) and direct (IgM) plaque-forming cell responses have been documented. Following booster immunization, there was a shorter latent period and higher peak level of cells secreting IgA anti-TNP antibodies suggesting an anamnestic response.
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