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The antidiarrhoeal effect of the water extract of Melastoma malabathricum Linn. (Melastomataceae) leaves were investigated by employing four experimental models of diarrhea in Swiss mice. Melastoma malabathricum water extract treated mice showed significant reduction in the fecal output and protected them from castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The extract also reduced the intestinal fluid secretion induced by magnesium sulphate and gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in the mice. No mortality and visible signs of general weakness was observed in the mice following the test extract administration up to 2000 mg/kg dose.

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors KA and JAJS designed the study. Author KA develop the protocol and wrote the first and second drafts of the manuscript. Authors KA and JAJS performed the experimental works. Authors TVA, RA and SK involved in the collection of literature, interpret the results and performed the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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The antiulcer activity of various extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis roots was evaluated in pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer in albino rats. The root extracts were prepared by cold maceration process with petroleum ether, alcohol and water separately. The preliminary phytochemical screening of H. rosa sinensis revealed the presence of sterols, glycosides, proteins, mucilage and flavonoids. Oral administration of aqueous and alcohol extracts (250 and 500 mg/kg) of H. rosa sinensis roots were evaluated for antiulcer activity and compared with the standard drug, lansoperazole (8 mg/kg). From the results, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of H. rosa sinensis roots (500 mg/kg) showed highly significant (P<0.001) dose-dependent antiulcer activity. These results lend scientific support for the plant as folk medicine.

Objectives: This present study was envisaged to identify the effect of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity forethanolic root extract of Allium cepa L. Methodology: The study was carried out using Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300g) and Albino mice (25-30g). Diclofenac sodium and Tramadol are the standard drugs, was prepared by dissolving in distilled water to make the concentration of 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity respectively. The effect of ethanolic extract of A.cepa L root was investigated for analgesic activity using tail immersion method. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root extract of A.cepa was studied using carrageenan-induced paw edema to the rats. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan method in Sprague-Dawley rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was found to be dose dependent in carrageenan induced paw edema model. The ethanolic extract has shown highly significant (p<0.001) percentage of inhibition of paw edema, 57.43% and 60.56% at 5 th hour at the low dose and high dose, respectively. Whereas analgesic activity was studied using tail immersion method in mice. The ethanolic root extract was shown highly significant (p<0.001) analgesic activity with standard drug and high dose but, low dose showed less significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity. Conclusions: The findings of the present study concluded that A.cepa L roots have potential to treat pain and inflammation and as a good source, novel natural analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The ethanolic extract of A.cepa L root showed highly significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in mice and rats respectively.

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Phytochemicals possessing the antioxidant properties naturally present in food attract a greater interest to healthcare researchers due to their desirable health effects on human health as they can be explored for protection against oxidative deterioration. Macrtotyloma uniflorum is a leguminous plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and commonly known as Horse gram. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects using the scientific protocol on experimental rats. Extraction was carried out using the cold maceration method, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a digital plethysmometer in the experimental rats injected with carrageenan to produce paw edema. Preliminary phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds in both extracts while flavonoids were found only in ethanol extract. Both extracts of M. uniflorum seeds (200 mg/ml) significantly (p<0.01) reduced the paw edema volume induced by carrageenan. The ethanol extract of M. uniflorum seeds exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity than water extract, that might be due to the presence of flavonoids in ethanol extract. The activity of the extracts was compared with diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg b.wt.) as a reference drug. From the results, it may be suggested that the antioxidative potential of phenolic constituents and flavonoids is the primary factors for the anti-inflammatory activity of M. uniflorum seeds extracts.