More than one third of students were visually impaired for potentially avoidable reasons, indicating lack of eye health awareness and eye care services in the community. The cause of visual impairment remained unknown in a large number of students, which indicates the need for introduction of modern diagnostic tools.

A high proportion of students with low vision in integrated schools could benefit from optical intervention. A system of comprehensive eye examination at the time of school enrollment would allow students with low vision to use their available vision to the fullest, encourage print reading over braille, ensure appropriate placement, and promote timely adoption and proper usage of optical device.

High prevalence of preventable visual impairment in this population requires immediate attention. It is hoped that the formulation of proper vision care guidelines at a national level may help in early detection and management of visual disorders in this special population and enhance their quality of life.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a common chromosomal anomaly. People with this syndrome have recognisable physical characteristics and limited intellectual abilities. The aim of this study was to determine visual defects, especially refractive error and binocular anomalies, in a sample of Nepalese children with DS. Methods: Thirty-six children with DS (19 boys and 17 girls) from the Kathmandu valley, aged from four months to 18 years, underwent detailed optometric examination. Cycloplegic refraction was performed on all subjects. Vision on presentation of all the children was assessed with preferential looking cards, the Kay picture cards, the BaileyLovie logMAR chart or the Snellen chart. Binocular function was assessed with cover test, Hirschberg or Bruckner test. Results: Cycloplegic refraction of the children revealed that 80 per cent of the children had significant refractive error. Most of them had hyperopia (55 per cent), followed by astigmatism (44 per cent), myopia (25 per cent) and anisometropia (19 per cent). Only two (5.6 per cent) children were strabismic and both of them were alternating esotropes. Nystagmus was present in 10 (28 per cent). Other ocular findings were upward slanting palpebral fissures, blepharitis, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, blepharoconjunctivitis, chalazion and lenticular opacities. Conclusion: Nepalese children with DS have a high prevalence of refractive error and nystagmus. Regular eye examinations are indicated for these children to enable early diagnosis and appropriate management of ocular disorders to improve their vision and quality of life.

PurposeTo record the normative values for macular thickness and macular volume in normal Nepalese eyes.MethodsIn all, 126 eyes of 63 emmetropic subjects (mean age: 21.17±6.76 years; range: 10–37 years) were assessed for macular thickness and macular volume, using spectral domain-optical coherence tomography over 6×6 mm2 in the posterior pole. A fast macular thickness protocol was employed. Statistics such as the mean, median, standard deviation, percentiles, and range were used, while a P-value was set at 0.05 to test significance.ResultsAverage macular thickness and total macular volume were larger in males compared to females. With each year of increasing age, these variables decreased by 0.556 μm and 0.0156 mm3 for average macular thickness and total macular volume, respectively. The macular thickness was greatest in the inner superior section and lowest at the center of the fovea. The volume was greatest in the outer nasal section and thinnest in the fovea. The central subfield thickness (r=−0.243, P=0.055) and foveal volume (r=0.216, P=0.09) did not correlate with age.ConclusionMales and females differ significantly with regard to macular thickness and macular volume measurements. Reports by other studies that the increase in axial length reduced thickness and volume, were negated by this study which found a positive correlation among axial length, thickness, and volume.

Prematurity and low birth weight were found to be major risk factors for ROP. ROP screening should be performed in such infants for early detection because its incidence is likely to increase as more premature infants survive with improved neonatal care.

Purpose:To collect information regarding awareness and knowledge of eye health and diseases among the population of the hilly region of Nepal.Methods:In a population-based survey, 1834 participants were enrolled in to the study. Field procedures included the development of a survey questionnaire, field orientation, pretesting, and household data collection. Association between knowledge of eye diseases was derived using the Chi-square test and odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. A P value of ≤0.05 was considered significant.Results:Most participants were 31–40 years old (33.4%), female (51.1%), of upper caste (43.4%), Hindus (83.3%), received secondary level of education (34.4%), and involved in agriculture (48.6%). Awareness of cataract, night blindness, glaucoma, strabismus, and systemic diseases was 74.6%, 53.4%, 17.4%, 70.8%, and 46.5%, respectively. Knowledge regarding these diseases among those aware was 39.1%, 72.2%, 50.9%, and 92.3%, respectively. Awareness of cataract was significantly higher (88.4%) among higher caste groups (P < 0.001; OR, 4.29; 95% CI, 3.34–5.54), followed by business as an occupation (88.2%; P = 0.001; OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.44–4.9). Awareness of night blindness was significantly higher among students (72.6%; P < 0.001; OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.65–3.67).Conclusion:There was a general lack of awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases. Improved awareness and knowledge are required for the prevention, early treatment, and access to eye care.

Pre-term infants who do not develop ROP show a trend toward increasing myopia and demonstrate greater astigmatism and anisometropia than full-term infants in their first 6 months of life.