We discuss a new method for approximately decorrelating and non-isotropically filtering the monthly gravity fields provided by the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) twin-satellite mission. The procedure is more efficient than conventional Gaussiantype isotropic filters in reducing stripes and spurious patterns, while retaining the signal magnitudes. One of the problems that users of GRACE level 2 monthly gravity field solutions fight is the effect of increasing noise in higher frequencies. Simply truncating the spherical harmonic solution at low degrees causes the loss of a significant portion of signal, which is not an option if one is interested in geophysical phenomena on a scale of few hundred to few thousand km. The common approach is to filter the published solutions, that is to convolve them with an isotropic kernel that allows an interpretation as smoothed averaging. The downside of this approach is an amplitude bias and the fact that it neither accounts for the variable data density that increases towards the poles where the orbits converge nor for the anisotropic error correlation structure that the solutions exhibit. Here a relatively simple regularization procedure will be outlined, which allows one to take the latter two effects into account, on the basis of published level 2 products. This leads to a series of approximate decorrelation transformations applied to the monthly solutions, which enable a successive smoothing to reduce the noise in the higher frequencies. This smoothing effect may be used to generate solutions that behave, on average over all possible directions, very close to Gaussian-type filtered ones. The localizing and smoothing properties of our non-isotropic kernels are compared with Gaussian kernels in terms of the kernel variance and the resulting amplitude bias for a standard signal. Examples involving real GRACE level 2 fields as well as geophysical models are used to demonstrate the techniques. With the new method, we find that the characteristic striping pattern in the GRACE solutions are much more reduced than Gaussian-filtered solutions of comparable signal amplitude and root mean square.

Abstract. We have analyzed recent GRACE RL04 monthly gravity solutions, using a new decorrelating post-processing approach. We find very good agreement with mass anomalies derived from a global hydrological model (WGHM). The post-processed GRACE solutions exhibit only little amplitude damping and an almost negligeable phase shift and period distortion for relevant hydrological basins. Furthermore, these post-processed GRACE solutions have been inspected in terms of data fit with respect to the original inter-satellite ranging and to SLR and GPS observations. This kind of comparison is new. We find variations of the data fit due to solution postprocessing only within very narrow limits. This confirms our suspicion that GRACE data does not firmly 'pinpoint' the standard unconstrained solutions. Regarding the original Kusche (2007) decorrelation and smoothing method, a simplified (order-convolution) approach has been developed. This simplified approach allows to realize a higher resolution -as necessary e.g. for generating computed GRACE observations -and needs far less coefficients to be stored.

Dividing the sea-level budget into contributions from ice sheets and glaciers, the water cycle, steric expansion, and crustal movement is challenging, especially on regional scales. Here, Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity observations and sea-level anomalies from altimetry are used in a joint inversion, ensuring a consistent decomposition of the global and regional sea-level rise budget. Over the years 2002-2014, we find a global mean steric trend of 1.38 ± 0.16 mm/y, compared with a total trend of 2.74 ± 0.58 mm/y. This is significantly larger than steric trends derived from in situ temperature/salinity profiles and models which range from 0.66 ± 0.2 to 0.94 ± 0.1 mm/y. Mass contributions from ice sheets and glaciers (1.37 ± 0.09 mm/y, accelerating with 0.03 ± 0.02 mm/y 2 ) are offset by a negative hydrological component (−0.29 ± 0.26 mm/y). The combined mass rate (1.08 ± 0.3 mm/y) is smaller than previous GRACE estimates (up to 2 mm/y), but it is consistent with the sum of individual contributions (ice sheets, glaciers, and hydrology) found in literature. The altimetric sea-level budget is closed by coestimating a remaining component of 0.22 ± 0.26 mm/y. Well above average sea-level rise is found regionally near the Philippines (14.7 ± 4.39 mm/y) and Indonesia (8.3 ± 4.7 mm/y) which is dominated by steric components (11.2 ± 3.58 mm/y and 6.4 ± 3.18 mm/y, respectively). In contrast, in the central and Eastern part of the Pacific, negative steric trends (down to −2.8 ± 1.53 mm/y) are detected. Significant regional components are found, up to 5.3 ± 2.6 mm/y in the northwest Atlantic, which are likely due to ocean bottom pressure variations.lobal sea-level rise has been identified as one of the major threats associated with global climate change (1, 2). However, from the perspective of assessment-and decision-making, regional estimates of sea-level rise are even more important to formulate meaningful adaptation plans on a national or international level. Besides the magnitude of the total sea-level rise itself, identifying dominant drivers, and their corresponding uncertainties, may also prove beneficial for projection studies.Historical records from tide gauges indicate a sea-level rate of about 1.7 mm/y over the period 1900-2009, where it must be noted that tide gauges indicate an acceleration (0.009-0.017 mm/y 2 ) over the last century (3-5). Besides the steric expansion of sea water due to temperature changes, the ongoing melting and ablation of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica and other land glaciers cause the sea level to rise. Hydrological mass variability on land and reservoir construction have been found to cause a negative trend (6-9). Furthermore, meltwater, precipitation, or evaporation result in regional salinity changes, leaving steric signatures in sea level once the barotropic component has been compensated (10). For an observer at the coast, crustal movement, caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), tectonics, or local subsidence may also significantly affect the r...

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[1] Monitoring hydrological redistributions through their integrated gravitational effect is the primary aim of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. Time-variable gravity data from GRACE can be uniquely inverted to hydrology, since mass transfers located at or near the Earth's surface are much larger on shorter timescales than those taking place within the deeper Earth and because one can remove the contribution of atmospheric masses from air pressure data. Yet it has been proposed that at larger scales this may be achieved independently by measuring and inverting the elastic loading associated with redistributing masses, e.g., with the global network of the International GPS Service (IGS). This is particularly interesting as long as GRACE monthly gravity solutions do not (yet) match the targeted baseline accuracies at the lower spherical harmonic degrees. In this contribution (1) we describe and investigate an inversion technique which can deal jointly with GPS data and monthly GRACE solutions.(2) Previous studies with GPS data have used least squares estimators and impose solution constraints through low-degree spherical harmonic series truncation. Here we introduce a physically motivated regularization method that guarantees a stable inversion up to higher degrees, while seeking to avoid spatial aliasing. (3) We apply this technique to GPS data provided by the IGS service covering recent years. We can show that after removing the contribution ascribed to atmospheric pressure loading, estimated annual variations of continental-scale mass redistribution exhibit pattern similar to those observed with GRACE and predicted by a global hydrology model, although systematic differences appear to be present. (4) We compute what the relative contribution of GRACE and GPS would be in a joint inversion: Using current error estimates, GPS could contribute with up to 60% to degree 2 till 4 spherical harmonic coefficients and up to 30% for higherdegree coefficients.Citation: Kusche, J., and E. J. O. Schrama (2005), Surface mass redistribution inversion from global GPS deformation and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity data,

[1] The satellite-only gravity field model GOCO01S is a combination solution based on 61 days of GOCE gravity gradient data, and 7 years of GRACE GPS and K-band range rate data, resolved up to degree/order 224 of a harmonic series expansion. The combination was performed consistently by addition of full normal equations and stochastic modeling of GOCE and GRACE observations. The model has been validated against external global gravity models and regional GPS/leveling observations. While low to medium degrees are mainly determined by GRACE, significant contributions by the new measurement type of GOCE gradients can already be observed at degree 100. Beyond degree 150, GOCE becomes the dominant contributor. Correspondingly, with GOCO01S a global gravity field model with high performance for the complete spectral range up to degree/order 224 is now available. This new gravity model will be beneficial for many applications in geophysics, oceanography, and geodesy. Citation: Pail, R., et al. (2010), Combined satellite gravity field model GOCO01S

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This is an interim report of a randomized clinical trial on esophagojejunostomy (E J) versusHunt-Lawrence-Rodino (HLR) pouch as reconstruction techniques following total gastrectomy and systematic lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer treatment. The randomized trial preceded a pilot study comparing the Longmire-Gutgemann interposition ant/ the HLR. The pilot study included 7 patients, the randomized trial 38 patients (60 planned). The main outcome variables in the pilot study were food resorption, caloric intake, and body weight. Survival probability and general well-being (quality of life) were measured in the randomized trial. A score was composed of diseasespecific and socio-personal variables with well-being ranging from 0 (worst) to 14 (best) points.Concerning food resorption in the pilot study, no relevant advantage of the duodenal passage was found. The main postoperative disorder was insufficient food intake. Despite a radical operation, a hospital mortality rate of 16%, and a complication rate of 37%, gastric cancer still has a poor prognosis. In the randomized trial only 15 (39%) of 38 patients were alive 1 year after operation, but the survival probability was higher (58%) after HLR than after EJ (24%) (p < 0.05). Hunger and appetite were strongly reduced during the first 6 months after operation. Food intake was less than half of the preoperative values, which was reflected by an average decrease in body weight of 7 kg.Patients dying within the first year after total gastrectomy suffered an irreversible loss of quality of life (scoring 7 points). They had no objective benefit from the operation. Patients surviving this period regained quality of life and exceeded preoperative values, especially after HLR.We conclude that HLR-operated patients who have a chance of surviving for at least 1 year benefit from total gastrectomy in regard to quality of life.