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Vacuum evaporation is promising for the high-throughput fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of its solvent-free characteristic, precise control of film thickness, and compatibility with large-scale production. Nevertheless, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs fabricated by vacuum evaporation lags behind that of solution-processed PSCs. Here, we report a Cl-containing alloy–mediated sequential vacuum evaporation approach to fabricate perovskite films. The presence of Cl in the alloy facilitates organic ammonium halide diffusion and the subsequent perovskite conversion reaction, leading to homogeneous pinhole-free perovskite films with few defects. The resulting PSCs yield a PCE of 24.42%, 23.44% (certified 22.6%), and 19.87% for 0.1, 1.0, and 14.4 square centimeters (mini-module, aperture area), respectively. The unencapsulated PSCs show good stability with negligible decline in performance after storage in dry air for more than 4000 hours. Our method provides a reproducible approach for scalable fabrication of large-area, high-efficiency PSCs and other perovskite-based optoelectronics.

Transient supercapacitors (TSCs), a new type of advanced supercapacitor (SC) that can completely dissolve with environmentally and biologically benign byproducts in vivo after performing their specified function, have broad application prospects in the fields of green electronics, implantable devices, personalized medicine, military security, and other fields. However, research on TSCs is still in its infancy, and there are still many challenges to be solved, such as the complex preparation process and low energy density. Herein, we report a facile superassembly manufacturing method for an implantable and fully biodegradable three-dimensional network Zn@PPy hybrid electrode by screen printing and electrochemical deposition. The produced superassembled interdigital pseudocapacitor exhibits superior electrochemical performances due to the high capacitances and excellent rate performances of the pattern Zn@PPy electrode and NaCl/agarose electrolyte. An optimized biodegradable SC exhibits a maximum energy density of 0.394 mW h cm −2 and can be fully degraded in vivo in 30 days without any adverse effects in the host organism. This work provides a new platform for transient electronic technology for diverse implantable electronic applications.

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Transient devices represent an emerging type of electronics whose main characteristic is the constituent materials that could fully or partially dissolute or disintegrate by chemical or physical processes after completing the mission, and are considered as new research directions for implantable devices. However, research on transient devices is still in its infancy and there are many challenges to overcome, especially the development of transient energy devices is relatively slow. Here, an implantable, biodegradable transient zinc ion battery (TZIB) that assembles a carefully designed cellulose aerogel-gelatin (CAG) solid electrolyte. The new fully degradable CAG solid electrolyte allows TZIB to achieve controlled degradation and stable electrochemical performance, at the same time maintaining excellent mechanical properties. The entire battery device can be completely degraded within 30 days in the buffered proteinase K solution. More importantly, TZIB has excellent electrochemical performance while meeting controlled degradation, providing a specific capacity of 211.5 mAh g −1 at a current of 61.6 mA g −1 and a wide voltage range (0.85-1.9 V). These results demonstrate the potential of TZIB in future clinical applications and provide a new platform for transient electronic technology.

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