Sequential vacuum-evaporated perovskite solar cells with more than 24% efficiency

Abstract

Vacuum evaporation is promising for the high-throughput fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of its solvent-free characteristic, precise control of film thickness, and compatibility with large-scale production. Nevertheless, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs fabricated by vacuum evaporation lags behind that of solution-processed PSCs. Here, we report a Cl-containing alloy–mediated sequential vacuum evaporation approach to fabricate perovskite films. The presence of Cl in the alloy facilitates organic ammonium halide diffusion and the subsequent perovskite conversion reaction, leading to homogeneous pinhole-free perovskite films with few defects. The resulting PSCs yield a PCE of 24.42%, 23.44% (certified 22.6%), and 19.87% for 0.1, 1.0, and 14.4 square centimeters (mini-module, aperture area), respectively. The unencapsulated PSCs show good stability with negligible decline in performance after storage in dry air for more than 4000 hours. Our method provides a reproducible approach for scalable fabrication of large-area, high-efficiency PSCs and other perovskite-based optoelectronics.

Recent Advances in One-Dimensional Micro/Nanomotors: Fabrication, Propulsion and Application

“…PVD technology refers to the technology that evaporates the surface of a material source (solid or liquid) into gaseous atoms or molecules, or partially ionizes into ions, under vacuum conditions through physical methods, and deposits materials with special functions on the substrate surface through a low-pressure gas (or plasma) process [53,54]. The deposition types include vacuum evaporation [55], sputtering deposition [56], ion plating [57], etc. The vacuum evaporation deposition method is generally used to prepare 1D micromotors.…”

Efficient and hysteresis-free mixed-dimensional 2D/3D perovskite solar cells using ethyl lactate as a green additive to perovskite precursor solutions

“…7,8 Grain boundaries (GBs), pinholes, and impurities present in bulk or at interfacial sites, in particular, can accelerate ion migration and operate as photocarrier recombination centers, resulting in energy loss and device deterioration. 9–11…”

“…7,8 Grain boundaries (GBs), pinholes, and impurities present in bulk or at interfacial sites, in particular, can accelerate ion migration and operate as photocarrier recombination centers, resulting in energy loss and device deterioration. [9][10][11] Researchers have looked at the problem of moisture sensitivity in 3D perovskites in a number of different ways. A HTL/ perovskite interface modifier could effectively mitigate the mechanical or chemical deterioration of the interface.…”

Thermally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells by All-Vacuum Deposition

“…In particular, the radius of the FA + cation is significantly larger than that of the MA + , which leads to FAPbI 3 being only metastable in its black perovskite α-phase, with its yellow hexagonal δ-phase being thermodynamically favored at room temperature . However, alloying FA + with Cs + (which has a smaller cation radius) forms the stable FA 1– x Cs x PbI 3 in its perovskite α-phase for a range of alloy fractions from x = 0.1 to x = 0.5. , Nevertheless, there are only a few reports of vacuum codeposition of such multication FACs-based perovskites. ,,,, …”

“…23 Meanwhile, Li et al also chose the solution-processed Spiro-OMeTAD as the HTL in their recent sequentially evaporated FA 0.95 Cs 0.05 Pb(I 1−x Cl x ) 3 -based PSCs, which exhibited a PCE exceeding 24%. 24 materials. 20,22,25,26 Not only are these aforementioned HTLs relatively expensive, 27 but the additional solution-processing step also adds complication to the overall fabrication process, and thus could impede commercialization and large-scale production.…”