Implantable and Biodegradable Micro-Supercapacitor Based on a Superassembled Three-Dimensional Network Zn@PPy Hybrid Electrode

Abstract

Transient supercapacitors (TSCs), a new type of advanced supercapacitor (SC) that can completely dissolve with environmentally and biologically benign byproducts in vivo after performing their specified function, have broad application prospects in the fields of green electronics, implantable devices, personalized medicine, military security, and other fields. However, research on TSCs is still in its infancy, and there are still many challenges to be solved, such as the complex preparation process and low energy density. Herein, we report a facile superassembly manufacturing method for an implantable and fully biodegradable three-dimensional network Zn@PPy hybrid electrode by screen printing and electrochemical deposition. The produced superassembled interdigital pseudocapacitor exhibits superior electrochemical performances due to the high capacitances and excellent rate performances of the pattern Zn@PPy electrode and NaCl/agarose electrolyte. An optimized biodegradable SC exhibits a maximum energy density of 0.394 mW h cm −2 and can be fully degraded in vivo in 30 days without any adverse effects in the host organism. This work provides a new platform for transient electronic technology for diverse implantable electronic applications.

All‐Printed Green Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on a Natural‐derived Ionic Liquid for Flexible Transient Electronics

“…[7,8] For this purpose, two different dissolution tests were carried out, similar to those reported in other works. [19,45,47,49] Initially, the dissolution of a free-standing CL70%-C400 supercapacitor was tested in distilled water (Figure 2e), showing fast fragmentation in <1 min. The day after, no visible traces were observed in the Petri dish, meaning that all the fragments completely dissolved.…”

Bioresorbable Photonics: Materials, Devices and Applications

“…Therefore, a fully bioresorbable power supply device that can deliver enough electrical power is demanded. Attractive candidates include bioresorbable batteries [92], supercapacitors [93], triboelectric nanogenerators [94], piezoelec-…”

Biocompatible, High‐Performance, Wet‐Adhesive, Stretchable All‐Hydrogel Supercapacitor Implant Based on PANI@rGO/Mxenes Electrode and Hydrogel Electrolyte

“…[ 8,21,22 ] For instance, fiber‐shaped battery has been implanted to power fiber pressure sensors subcutaneously; [ 23,24 ] wireless coil‐shaped antenna has been designed to transfer electromagnetic energy to in vivo; [ 16 ] triboelectric energy nanogenerator has been employed to harvest the mechanical motions of heart and to convert it into electrical output subsequently; [ 9,25–27 ] biodegradable supercapacitors have been developed which disappear after certain period of time under physiological condition. [ 6,11,21,28–30 ] Among various implantable energy storage components, supercapacitors with high energy density are indispensable part of power units.…”

“…[ 16,21,33–36 ] In perspective, the wet adhesiveness, stability, and biosafety requirements of supercapacitor implants are higher than that of supercapacitor wearables, posing restrain on material choice of electrodes, electrolyte, and encapsulation material. [ 22,28,35–39 ] For instance, biodegradable silk‐encapsulated supercapacitor with Zn/polypyrrole (PPy) electrode and agarose/NaCl electrolyte are fabricated. It was surgically stitched at subcutaneous region of rats and degraded completely after 30 days.…”

“…It was surgically stitched at subcutaneous region of rats and degraded completely after 30 days. [ 28 ] The areal capacitance, energy, and power density of such micro‐supercapacitor are unsatisfactory. To improve electrochemical performance, recent effort incorporates battery‐type charge storage by developing supercapacitor using molybdenum oxide (MoO x ) flakes as electrode.…”