Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is known to be involved in the development of several metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Tetracycline can cause hepatic steatosis, and ER stress may be involved in tetracycline-induced fatty liver. Our previous study showed that bicyclol has been proven to protect against tetracycline-induced fatty liver in mice, and ER stress may also be involved in bicyclol's hepatoprotective effect. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with ER stress and apoptosis, by which bicyclol attenuated tetracycline-induced fatty liver in mice. Bicyclol (300 mg/kg) was given to mice by gavage 3 times. Tetracycline (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was injected at 1 h after the last dose of bicyclol. At 6 h and 24 h after single dose of tetracycline injection, serum ALT, AST, TG, CHO and hepatic histopathological examinations were performed to evaluate liver injuries. Hepatic steatosis was assessed by the accumulation of hepatic TG and CHO. Moreover, hepatic apoptosis and ER stress related markers were determined by TUNEL, real-time PCR, and western blot. As a result, bicyclol significantly protected against tetracycline-induced fatty liver as evidenced by the decrease of elevated serum transaminases and hepatic triglyceride, and the attenuation of histopathological changes in mice. In addition, bicyclol remarkably alleviated hepatic apoptosis and the gene expression of caspase-3, and increased the gene expression of XIAP. The gene expressions of ER stress-related markers, including CHOP, GRP78, IRE-1α, and ATF6, which were downregulated by bicyclol pretreatment in tetracycline-injected mice. These results suggested that bicyclol protected tetracycline-induced fatty liver partly due to its ability of anti-apoptosis associated with ER stress.
The marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis could photoproduce hydrogen under the regulation of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and a hydrogen production process kinetic analysis was characterized by two peaks, suggesting that two distinct mechanisms might exist in this alga. Therefore, 2D nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was introduced to analyze the proteome of samples from different time points. A total of 912 proteins were identified, providing a global view of the cellular responses at the proteomic level. These proteins can be divided into multiple functional groups including stress responses, energy metabolism and redox homeostasis. The quantitative proteomic data provided more details on the electron donors for hydrogen production. During the first stage, photosystem II produced electrons for hydrogen production; during the second stage, metabolites were the major electron donors via nonphotochemical plastoquinone reduction by NADH dehydrogenase.
An aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain 2-5 T , was isolated from a crude oil-contaminated marine sponge collected near Dalian Bay, China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Cells of strain 2-5 T were non-spore forming, non-motile, rods 0.2-0.3 µm wide and 1.1-1.2µm long. Strain 2-5 T grew well on nutrient agar, TSA, R2A agar and LB agar. Colonies of strain 2-5 T on LB agar were circular, smooth with entire margins, non-transparent and pale yellow after 3 d of incubation at 30℃. Growth of strain 2-5 T occurred in LN medium with 0-6% NaCl; no growth occurred in the presence of 8.0% NaCl. Strain 2-5 T grew at 15-42℃ and at pH 6.0-8.0. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 2-5 T clustered with the species of the genus Lysobacter. Its closet neighbors were the type strains of Lysobacter concretionis KCTC 12205 T (97% similarity), Lysobacter arseniciresistens ZS79 T (96%), and Lysobacter defluii APB-9 T (96%). The value for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 2-5 T and L. concretionis KCTC 12205 T was 23%. Branched fatty acids iso-C 16: 0 , iso-C 15: 0 , iso-C 11: 0 3-OH, iso-C 17: 1 ω9c and iso-C 11: 0 were found to be predominant. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain 2-5 T had a DNA G+C content of 63.8 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, DNA-DNA hybridization and phylogenetic data, strain 2-5 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter hymeniacidonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2-5 T (=CGMCC 1.12190 T = JCM 18137 T ).
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