These results indicate that neutrophil autophagy primes neutrophils for increased NET formation, which is important for proper neutrophil effector functions during sepsis. Our study provides important insights into the role of autophagy in neutrophils during sepsis.
Among 735 patients with SSNHL, 94 were included in the IT-S group, 444 in the SST, and 197 in the CT group. Age, gender, interval from disease onset to start of treatment, and initial hearing level were not different among the three groups. Patients who had concomitant medical disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or chronic renal failure were more frequently treated with IT-S. No difference in the level of hearing gain or ratio of hearing improvement was observed among the three groups (p = 0.147 and p = 0.067, respectively).
To radiologically evaluate the anatomic factors that may determine the view field or the accessibility of the posterior tympanotomy into the posterior mesotympanum, a cohort of 30 patients with pneumatic mastoids and 30 patients with unilateral sclerotic mastoids were included. Anatomic relationships were evaluated according to 5 parameters. The reference parameter of the view field through posterior tympanotomy was the maximum view to the stapes area through posterior tympanotomy. Direct distance between the chorda tympani nerve and the facial nerve (FN) and angle between the cortex of the external auditory canal and the FN showed significant positive correlations in pneumatic and sclerotic mastoids. However, the location of the FN was negatively correlated with the maximum view to the stapes area through posterior tympanotomy only in pneumatic mastoids. In particular, the angle between the cortex of the external auditory canal and the FN showed the best correlation with the maximum view to the stapes area through posterior tympanotomy. The angle between the cortex of the external auditory canal and the FN was the most important anatomic determinant for visibility through posterior tympanotomy. This study suggests that pneumatic mastoids, but not sclerotic mastoids, may have a more complex relationship including more factors than those considered in this study. Although this study was performed radiologically, this study can present the insight to surgeons or radiologists.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived heterogeneous vesicles that mediate intercellular communications. They have recently been considered as ideal vehicles for drug-delivery systems, and immune cells are suggested as a potential source for drug-loaded EVs. In this study, we investigated the possibility of neutrophils as a source for drug-loaded EVs. Neutrophil-like differentiated human promyelocytic leukemia cells (dHL-60) produced massive amounts of EVs within 1 h. The dHL-60 cells are also easily loaded with various cargoes such as antibiotics (penicillin), anticancer drug (paclitaxel), chemoattractant (MCP-1), miRNA, and Cas9. The EVs derived from the dHL-60 cells showed efficient incorporation of these cargoes and significant effector functions, such as bactericidal activity, monocyte chemotaxis, and macrophage polarization. Our results suggest that neutrophils or neutrophil-like promyelocytic cells could be an attractive source for drug-delivery EVs.
In this paper, we discuss design considerations for an n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a lateral asymmetric channel (LAC) doping profile. We employed a 0.35 µm standard complementary MOSFET process for fabrication of the devices. The gates to the LAC doping overlap lengths were 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 µm. The drain current (ON I), transconductance (m g), substrate current (SUB I), drain to source leakage current (OFF I), and channel-hot-electron (CHE) reliability characteristics were taken into account for optimum device design. The LAC devices with shorter overlap lengths demonstrated improved ON I and m g characteristics. On the other hand, the LAC devices with longer overlap lengths demonstrated improved CHE degradation and OFF I characteristics.
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