It has been reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may play a crucial role in gastric ulcer healing. We examined the localization of COX-2 and the regulation of COX-2 mRNA expression in acetic acid ulcers in rats. PGE2 production was elevated in ulcerated tissue but not in intact tissue. COX-2 mRNA expression was induced in only the ulcerated tissue, and COX-2 protein was found in fibroblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and granulocytes. A selective COX-2 inhibitor inhibited increased PGE2 production by the ulcerated tissue. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNAs were also expressed only in the ulcerated tissue. In a culture of isolated ulcer base, blockade of IL-1β and TNF-α reduced COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 production. In contrast, COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 production were promoted by prevention of TGF-β1 action. These results indicate that COX-2 protein is highly localized in the base of gastric ulcers in rats and that COX-2 mRNA expression might be regulated positively by IL-1β and TNF-α and negatively by TGF-β1.
Anthocyanin formation and structural identification were investigated in the cultured strawberry, Frugaria unannssa cv Shikinari. Friable callus tissues were obtained from apical meristems, leafs, and petioles grown on LS agar medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzyladenine. Using these calli, effects of auxins and cell inoculum size on pigment production were studied in suspension culture. Anthocyanin was produced under 8000 lux after preculture for 3 wk under 800 Iux in suspension culture. The main extracted pigment was identified as a peonidin-3-glucoside and the second major pigment was a cyanidin-3-glucoside by FABMS and NMR. Anthocyanin production was stimulated by 2+dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its yield was about three times that of indole-3-acetic acid. An inoculum rate of 2g (fresh weight)/100 mL LS medium resulted in highest pigment production. The callus derived from the leaf was much higher in anthocyanin production than the others tissues of strawberry.
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