Updating the role of matrix metalloproteinases in mineralized tissue and related diseases Bone development and healing processes involve a complex cascade of biological events requiring well-orchestrated synergism with bone cells, growth factors, and other trophic signaling molecules and cellular structures. Beyond health processes, MMPs play several key roles in the installation of heart and blood vessel related diseases and cancer, ranging from accelerating metastatic cells to ectopic vascular mineralization by smooth muscle cells in complementary manner. The tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) have an important role in controlling proteolysis. Paired with the post-transcriptional efficiency of specific miRNAs, they modulate MMP performance. If druggable, these molecules are suggested to be a platform for development of "smart" medications and further clinical trials. Thus, considering the pleiotropic effect of MMPs on mammals, the purpose of this review is to update the role of those multifaceted proteases in mineralized tissues in health, such as bone, and pathophysiological disorders, such as ectopic vascular calcification and cancer. Bone is a specialized, vascular, and dynamic connective tissue in constant remodeling to maintain physiological ion homeostasis, give support and protection for soft tissue, and be a reservoir of ions important to vertebrates. 1-3 Mechanistically, bone remodeling requires a coordinate and dynamic relationship between deposition/degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), through growth factors and other signaling molecules, which results in ECM remodeling-an important prerequisite for cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation. 4 It is well known that osteoclasts resorb the mineralized matrix and further promote the remodeling of the organic fraction of the bone, while, conversely, osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation by depositing specialized ECM components prior to mineralizing it properly 2 . The balance between those specialized cells is crucial for maintaining appropriate bone mass, and the lack of this synchronism contributes to the occurrence of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's. To date, ultimate bone cellular differentiation is known to depend on wellorchestrated communication between formation and resorption events. 2,5-7 More specifically, during bone repair after trauma, bone healing depends on interactions between specific signaling inflammatory cytokines and non-resident and eventual cells (such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocyte-macrophage lineage), 8 requiring ECM remodeling by specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Generally, MMPs are an important family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases and are the major class of enzymes responsible for the degradation or resorption of all ECM components (Figure 1). 9-15 MMP targets include other proteases, protease inhibitors, blood coagulation factors, chemotactic molecules, latent growth factors, binding protein growth factor, cell surface receptors, and cell adhesion molecule...

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Devido ao fluxo de veículos nas rodovias Domingos Sartori e Marechal Rondon (Botucatu-SP) e à possível contaminação de mananciais adjacentes, realizou-se estudo de monitoramento de espécies metálicas em solos da região. Esse estudo buscou determinar concentrações de Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn e Sb, verificar a relação destes metais com a matéria orgânica e identificar fontes de contaminação. As espécies metálicas foram determinadas com espectrômetro de emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Os resultados foram avaliados com teste de Tukey. Como resultado, obtiveram-se concentrações de 1,2 a 11,0 vezes maiores no P2 em relação ao P1. Nos pontos de amostragem mais próximos e nos mais distantes das rodovias, as concentrações de Cu, Zn e Cr foram maiores que nas distâncias intermediárias, pela relação direta com o índice de matéria orgânica. O Cd atingiu valores acima dos limites estabelecidos pela Cetesb em pelo menos um subponto do P1 e P2, o que demanda atenção quanto aos efeitos deste metal no meio ambiente. Cu, Co e Zn superaram o VP em pelo menos um subponto nas duas rodovias. Portanto, monitoramento e ações para mitigar efeitos do tráfego de veículos são importantes para evitar contaminação na região do Córrego da Cascata.

INTRODUÇÃOOs óleos essenciais (OEs) de plantas são comumente comercializados em função de sua capacidade aromatizante. No entanto, têm des- ABSTRACT RESUMOpertado grande interesse, devido às propriedades funcionais que, também, apresentam como antimicrobianos, principalmente para a aplicação em alimentos. Entretanto, a utilização de OEs como antimicrobianos aplicados diretamente em Os sanitizantes químicos tradicionais utilizados na indústria de alimentos apresentam, como desvantagem, o possível desenvolvimento de resistência e adaptação bacteriana, interferindo na eficiência bactericida mínima destes produtos. Os óleos essenciais com atividade antimicrobiana despertam grande interesse na indústria de alimentos, pela possível utilização como princípios ativos de sanitizantes. Esta pesquisa objetivou determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de cravo-da-índia e canela contra bactérias Gram positivas (Staphylococcus aureus e Listeriamono cytogenes) e Gram negativas (Escherichia coli e Salmonella sp.) e compará-la com a CIM do hipoclorito de sódio, além de determinar a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) dos OEs para L. monocytogenes. Foi utilizado o método da microdiluição e os OEs foram caracterizados, quimicamente, por cromatografia gasosa -espectrometria de massa. Os componentes principais dos OEs de canela e cravo-da-índia foram o cinamaldeído (67,58%) e o eugenol (77,58%), respectivamente. A CIM do OE de canela foi de 0,04%, para as bactérias Gram positivas, e < 0,02%, para a bactérias Gram negativas. O OE de cravo-da-índia teve CIM de 0,04% para Salmonella sp., 0,06% para E. coli e S. aureus e 0,08% para L. monocytogenes. Para todas as bactérias testadas, a CIM do hipoclorito de sódio foi > 0,2%. A CBM para L. monocytogenes, no OE de cravo-da-índia, foi de 0,18% e o OE de canela destacou-se por apresentar CBM < 0,02%, demonstrando a possibilidade do uso destes OEs, principalmente o de canela, como princípios ativos de sanitizantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Syzygium aromaticum; controle de micro-organismos. Efficiency of cinnamon and clove essential oils as sanitizers in the food industryThe traditional chemical sanitizers used in the food industry have the disadvantage of a possible development of bacterial resistance and adaptation, interfering with their minimum bactericidal efficiency. Essential oils with antimicrobial activity arouse great interest in the food industry for their possible use as active ingredients of sanitizers. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon and clove essential oils (EOs) against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeriamono cytogenes) and Gramnegative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.) bacteria, as well as compare it with the MIC of sodium hypochlorite, and to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EOs for L. monocytogenes. The microdilution method was used and the EOs were chemically characterized by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The main compone...

The use of essential oils (EOs) in functional foods containing probiotic microorganisms must consider the antimicrobial activity of these oils against beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of L. rhamnosus cultures treated with cinnamon EO through viable cell counts and visualisation by transmission electron microscopy. Cinnamon EO at a concentration of 0.04% had a bacteriostatic activity after 2 h of incubation. Although slight alterations were detected in the cell structure, this concentration was considered to be bactericidal, since it led to a significant reduction in cell numbers after 24 h. On the other hand, cinnamon EO at a 1.00% concentration decreased cell counts by 3 log units after 2 h incubation and no viable cell count was detected after 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that cells treated with 1.00% cinnamon EO were severely damaged and presented cell membrane disruption and cytoplasmic leakage.

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