Many victimization studies have focused on one dimension of violence at a time, such as looking at the effect of a specific violence type on a health outcome. But the term common best describes the occurrence of intersecting violent experiences or, more specifically, intersecting dimensions of violence, abuse, and victimization. Over time, bodies of literature about this phenomenon have morphed in terms of conceptualization and operationalization. In this context, silos have developed that place barriers within and between fields and disciplines that concern the study and treatment of violence at various levels. However, shared catalysts and inhibitors, the common nature of experiencing more than one victimization event, and the possible concurrence of certain violence experiences offer points of disruption to these silos. In this light, there are many components, or dimensions, of violence that span from the most basic unit (the individual act of violence) to various means of categorization: violence type, severity or frequency, duration, and number of violence-perpetrating individuals. These dimensions, when identified within research, can help researchers map out how two acts (as well as their broader categorizations) intersect to influence lived experiences. Researchers use various terms to describe this phenomenon (e.g., poly-victimization, revictimization, cascading maltreatment, hybrid exploitation, cumulative violence exposure, cumulative patterns, constellations, and dose-response). This multidimensional approach offers the hope of (a) deconstructing the silos between and among fields and disciplines, (b) bringing research methods and analytical treatments of violence within studies closer to reality, (c) holistically acknowledging that violence varies, (d) deconstructing stereotypes, (e) identifying shared risk factors, (f) advocating for collaboration, (g) cultivating resilience, and (h) examining victims and survivors’ experiences through a lens that draws connections between intersecting abuse experiences and intersecting systems of oppression. Likewise, although there are some common instruments utilized for operationalization, these measurement tools vary greatly, as well. Analytical treatments of intersecting dimensions of violence, abuse, and victimization can be categorized into six overarching data analysis strategies: relationships between violent experiences, counting violence types, variety scores and indices, combinations of violent events or types, schemes, and person-centered approaches. Although these dimensions, terminologies, instruments, and analytical treatments can be identified within the literature, overlaps and mixtures of terms and analytical treatments become apparent when comparing studies. Implications for research include testing familiar cumulative relationships across fields, incorporating a broader policy context, and more thoroughly examining variation within and between violence types. Through the multidimensional perspective, violence prevention and intervention can be improved and advanced through thoroughness in application.

ResumenEl propósito central del presente artículo es presentar los aspectos más importantes de la dinámica de la cadena priorizada del sector metalmecánico del departamento de Santander en los últimos cinco años. La producción de la industria de este sector del departamento se ubica en la quinta posición de la cadena metalmecánica del país. En las ventas internacionales, el departamento de Santander aporta el 1,79% de las exportaciones de la cadena metalmecánica. Los destinos de las exportaciones estuvieron dirigidos en el período 2010-2015 principalmente a los mercados de los países vecinos como Ecuador y Venezuela. Palabras claveSector metalmecánico; cadenas priorizadas; departamento de Santander. Códigos de clasificación JEL: L61, M20 AbstractThe central purpose of this article is to present the most relevant aspects of the development of the priority chain of the metal mechanic sector of the Department of Santander in the past five years. Similarly, the department of Santander is located in the fifth position of the industrial production of the metal mechanic chain the country. For its part, the department of Santander brings the 1.79 per cent of the exports of the chain. The destination of exports of Santander department of products from the metal mechanic chain were directed in the period 2010-2015 mainly to markets in neighboring like Ecuador and Venezuela. KeywordsThe metal mechanic sector; prioritized chains; department of Santander.

Legal and social service interventions aim to mitigate intimate partner violence (IPV) and keep IPV from becoming lethal. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of policies and programs on female-victim intimate partner homicide (FVIPH) rates across the 67 counties of the state of Florida. It focuses on community coordinated response efforts, batterer intervention programs, local domestic violence (DV) ordinances, DV fatality review teams, and DV shelter programs. Results indicate that community coordinated response efforts are associated with decreasing FVIPH rates. Discussions of findings, limitations, and implications are provided accordingly.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es presentar un enfoque analítico del autoproclamado "nuevo socialismo del siglo XXI" en el contexto de las transformaciones emprendidas por la llamada "revolución bolivariana". Las reformas emprendidas al referirse a la ideología del socialismo del siglo XXI en estos países se caracterizó por una intensificación del proceso de transformación de la estructura estatal y las relaciones entre el Estado y la sociedad, continuando con la nacionalización de sectores de la economía, la centralización del aparato político de la administración del Estado. Sin embargo, en los últimos cuatro años, en algunos países donde se ha implementado el socialismo del siglo XXI, la población civil se ha estado manifestando en contra de este tipo de régimen.

El departamento de Santander se ha especializado en ofrecer servicios turísticos de aventura y de salud, y el departamento del Quindío basa su oferta de servicios agro-turísticos y ecoturísticos en torno a la cultura del café. Para estos departamentos colombianos no ha bastado solo con tener los recursos naturales, ha sido necesario invertir en la profundización del conocimiento, en la planificación y la gestión del turismo bajo unas condiciones de responsabilidad, sostenibilidad y competitividad, con el fin de favorecer el desarrollo de competencias locales y regionales. El artículo analiza y compara la experiencia de las dos regiones.