This study aimed to evaluate mechanical and chemical methods of forage dehydration in the production of black oat pre-dried silage (Avena strigosa Schreb) under different dehydration times. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block experimental design with five replications and arranged in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme. We assessed two methods of dehydration, mechanical and chemical, over six dewatering times, being made at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days after cutting or application of glyphosate. Harvest took place at 88 days after emergence, at pre-flowering. We evaluated dry biomass production at harvest, dry matter losses during dehydration in the field, losses during ensiling, gauging effluent output, and pre-dried silage chemical composition. There was an interaction between dehydration method and harvest time for most of the production characteristics. Chemical dehydration showed an enhanced dry matter recovery at the field level, however, unsuitable for pre-dried silage. The longer the dehydration period, the lower the losses for both analyzed methods; nevertheless, the chemical method reached unsatisfactory DM contents to produce good quality silage. Key words: Avena strigosa Schreb. Bromatology. Winter cereals. Conserved forage. Dry matter recovery. ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a interferência dos métodos mecânico e químico de desidratação da forragem na confecção de silagem pré-secada de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), sob diferentes tempos de desidratação. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 5 repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, sendo dois métodos de desidratação, mecânico e químico, sobre seis tempos de desidratação, sendo 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias após o corte ou aplicação do herbicida glifosato. A colheita se deu aos 88 dias após emergência, em estádio de pré-florescimento. Foram avaliadas produção de fitomassa seca no momento da colheita, perdas de fitomassa seca durante a desidratação à campo, perdas durante a ensilagem, com aferição da produção de efluentes, além da composição bromatológica da silagem pré-secada. Houve interação entre método de desidratação x época de colheita, para a maioria
This study aimed to evaluate the production, the physical and nutritional composition of forage and silage, as well as the profitability and aerobic stability of different winter cereals harvested at the stage of floury grain. The experimental design was a 2x7 factorial randomized block design, with two forms of foods (fresh forage and silage) and seven genotypes, with four replications. The genotypes used were the white oat (Avena sativa) cv. URS Taura; barley (Hordeum vulgare) cv. BRS Brau and cv. BRS Cauê; wheat (Tricticum aestivum) cv. CD 1440; rye (Secale cereal) cv. BR 01; and triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR 111 and cv. BRS Saturno. The materials were harvested during the stage of floury grain. In forage evaluation, rye showed the highest (P < 0,05) dry biomass production (7,100 kg ha-1), but with a higher percentage of stem (46.7%) in dry matter, implying higher ADF (44.69%) in relation to other cereals. The forage of the white oats cv. URS Taura and triticale cv. IPR 111 provided the best nutritional quality compared to the other evaluated cereals, but in the resulting silage, only triticale remained with forage-like characteristics. It was clear the superiority of barley cv. BRS Cauê, wheat cv. CD 1440 and rye cv. BR 01 regarding the maintenance of aerobic stability (160 hours), while the other silages lost their stability within 32 hours. Rye cv. BR 01 and triticale IPR 111 presented the highest production of recovered dry biomass (5,402 and 5,352 kg ha-1 respectively), barley cv. BRS Cauê and oat URS Taura provided higher cost of production per kg-1 dry biomass, both with R$ 0.29 and higher cost per kg of recovered dry biomass R$ 0.45 and 0.37 respectively. There are several factors to consider when choosing the winter species for silage production, and future studies can fully elucidate these factors.
Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic, the inclusion of which in the feed of beef cattle favors the best use of feed nutrients, via ruminal modulation. However, there are concerns regarding the residence of residues in the carcass from metabolism of monensin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, tissue residual depletion and economic benefit of finishing of young bulls in confinement with monensin in the ration. Thirtysix animals were confined, and given 50% corn silage feed and 50% more concentrated feed. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments (with or without monensin) and 10 replicates for the control group and eight for the monensin group. The use of monensin reduced the dry matter intake in relation to live weight (2.36% vs 2.55%), and improved feed conversion (8.61 vs 10.06 kg kg −1 ); the animals presented higher live weight (511 vs 494 kg), higher warm carcass weight (285 vs 272 kg) and an increase in fat thickness (4.97 vs 4.25 mm) compared to control animals. These increases in performance gave higher economic results, with a profit margin of R$ 122.84 per animal. A waiting period of 16 h before slaughter resulted in monensin concentrations below 0.25 µg kg −1 in edible organs and tissues, values well below those permitted by legislation. The use of monensin for young bulls in confinement promoted improvements in productive and economic performance, without leaving residues in edible tissues. ResumoA monensina é um antibiótico ionóforo, cuja inclusão na alimentação de bovinos de corte favorece o melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração, via modulação ruminal. Porém há preocupações no que tange a permanência de resíduos na carcaça, provenientes da metabolização da monensina. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros séricos, a depleção residual tecidual e a economicidade da terminação de tourinhos em confinamento com monensina na ração. Foram confinados 36 animais com ração 50% de silagem de milho mais 50% concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 tratamentos (com ou sem monensina) e 10 repetições para o grupo controle e 8 para o grupo com monensina. O uso de monensina reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em relação ao peso vivo (2,36 vs 2,55%), melhorou a conversão alimentar (8,61 vs 10,06 kg kg -1 ), os animais apresentaram maior peso vivo (511 vs 494 kg), maior peso de carcaça quente (285 vs 272 kg) e aumento na espessura de gordura (4,97 vs 4,25 mm) comparativamente aos animais da ração controle. Tais acréscimos em desempenho conferiram maiores resultados econômicos, com margem de lucro de R$ 122,84 por animal. O período de carência de 16 horas antes do abate apresentou concentrações de monensina inferiores a 0,25 µg kg -1 nos órgãos e tecidos comestíveis, valores muito abaixo dos permitidos na legislação. O uso de monensina para tourinhos em confinamento promoveu melhorias no desempenho produt...
Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steersEfeito associativo da monensina sódica à virginiamicina e/ou óleos essenciais sobre o desempenho de novilhos terminados em confinamento respectively in the same weightings. The daily carcass gain and carcass overall gain were higher in associations MO+VI and MO+EO+VI and provided an average gain of 16.67 kg more compared to MO and MO+EO. In the parameters feed efficiency, dry matter intake and nutrient expressed in kg day -1 and percentage of live weight were not observed differences (P> 0.05) between treatments. Data on apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics did not show statistical difference between treatment, except for fat thickness which was higher when associated with any of the additives to the MO, and farm weight was higher in associations containing VI. Associating MO+VI or MO+EO+VI proved to be best in this work compared to MO+EO or only MO in the diets of steers in termination. Key words: Ionophores. Antibiotics. Plant extracts. Performance enhancers. Os dados referentes à digestibilidade aparente, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça também não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos, exceto para espessura de gordura que foi superior quando associado qualquer um dos aditivos à MO, e peso de fazenda que foi superior nas associações que continham VI. A associação de MO+VI ou MO+OE+VI mostraram-se melhores no presente trabalho em relação a MO+OE ou somente MO nas rações dos novilhos em terminação. Palavras-chave: Ionóforos. Antibióticos. Extratos vegetais. Melhoradores de desempenho.
The experiment was conducted at the Animal Production Center (Núcleo de Produção Animal – NUPRAN) of the Center for Agrarian and Environmental Sciences of the Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO - CEDETEG Campus, Guarapuava, State of Paraná. This study aimed to evaluate biomass production, plant physical composition, chemical composition and dry matter contents of the plant and structural components of forage corn. The experiment was carried out in 5x5 factorial with five planting densities (80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 thousand plants ha-1), harvested in 5 times (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days after planting). The harvesting time caused a statistical difference for all parameters, and the planting densities factor only caused statistical difference in leaf participation and dry biomass production. There was no interaction for any of the parameters evaluated. Forage corn, harvested in the vegetative stage, can be a great ally of the rural producer, since it presents high potential for food production with high nutritional value in a short period of time, and in significant amount with production of up to 14,720 kg ha-1 dry biomass reached at 80 days of cycle with 320 thousand ha-1, freeing the soil for the production of another crop.
ResumoO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos holandeses alimentados com diferentes dietas em sistema de confinamento. Foram utilizados 36 bezerros da raça Holandesa, provenientes de mesmo rebanho, com idade média de 192 dias e peso vivo médio inicial de 221 kg. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de: T 1 : Dieta 100% concentrado; T 2 : Dieta 55% concentrado + silagem de milho; e T 3: Dieta 55% concentrado + feno de aveia, e seis repetições, onde cada repetição foi uma baia com dois animais. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, sendo que o tratamento composto pela dieta 100% concentrado teve resultados de desempenho superior, com ganho médio diário de 1,350 kg dia -1 ; conversão alimentar de 5,28 e Consumo de matéria seca de 6,84. Avaliou-se também que a dieta 100% ainda influenciou o comportamento ingestivo, sendo que os tempos para ruminação, consumo alimentar e ingestão de água são respectivamente 2,75; 1,14; 0,15 horas dia -1 . A digestibilidade da matéria seca também teve diferença significativa para a dieta 100%, sendo que esta foi da ordem de 76,37%. A dieta 100% concentrado se mostrou, em termos de desempenho, uma alternativa interessante para a terminação de novilhos holandeses. Palavras-chave: Consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, dietas de alto grão, ganho de peso médio diário AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility of dry matter and feeding behavior of Dutch steers fed different diets in feedlot. Were used 36 Holstein calves, from the same herd, with an average of 192 days and an average body weight of 221kg age. The experimental diets consisted of: T1: 100% concentrate diet; T2: 55% concentrate diet + corn silage; and T3: 55% concentrate diet + oat hay, and six replicates, where each replicate was a stall with two animals. Was no significant difference between treatments, and the treatment consists of the 100% concentrate diet had higher performance
Maize harvesting for silage promotes intense use of soil nutrients. The increase in forage harvesting time can ease nutrient use and benefit the nutritional quality of the silage. However, this practice may be economically unviable due to the reduction in the volume of harvested forage. The objective of our experiment was to evaluate several agronomic parameters, such as production, plant composition, nutritional value of silage and nutrient balance in the soil by harvesting the maize plant at different silage heights: 0.20; 0.40; 0.60; 0.80 and 1.00 m above the ground. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments with five repetitions. Representative plants in each plot were cut and fragmented in a forage machine. This material was homogenized and ensiled in experimental polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. Each 0.10 m increase at harvest provided an increase of 0.65% in the dry matter content of the forage and reduced harvest to 339 kg ha -1 of dry matter. The presence of grains in the forage increased linearly 1.24% for every 0.10 m at the time of harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and silage lignin had a linear decrease of 4.5, 2.8 and 9.6%, respectively, per each 0.10 m lift crop height. Regarding the total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and the relative forage, these values had a linear increase of 0.5, 7.2 and 8.2%, respectively. For each 0.10 m increase in cutting height, there was a decrease in soil nutrients, namely 3.6 kg ha -1 N, 1.3 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 , 9.5 kg ha -1 K 2 O, 0.9 kg ha -1 CaO and 1.2 kg ha -1 MgO. Even with the harvest at 1.00 m above the ground, nutrient recycling nutrients by necromass is not sufficient to balance the potassium balance in the soil, causing a decline of 37.69 kg ha -1 K 2 O. The maize harvest to 0.47 m height represented the best relationship between silage quantity and quality, being the height that presents the greatest potential for economic return, and can fund management practices and soil fertilization to prevent degradation in foraging systems, mainly to overcome the negative balance of potassium in the system. ResumoA colheita de milho para ensilagem promove intensa exportação de nutrientes do solo. A elevação da altura de colheita da forragem pode amenizar a exportação de nutrientes e beneficiar a qualidade nutricional da silagem. No entanto, essa prática pode ser inviável economicamente devido à redução no volume de forragem colhida. Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os parâmetros agronômicos de produção, composição vegetal, valor nutricional da silagem e balanço de nutrientes no solo pela colheita da planta de milho em diferentes alturas: 0,20; 0,40; 0,60; 0,80 e 1,00 m do solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 tratamentos com 5 repetições. Plantas representativas de cada parcela foram colhidas nas respectivas alturas e fragmentadas em uma ensiladeira. Este material foi homogeneizado e ensilado em silos experimentais de policloreto de vini...
RESUMO -O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de biomassa, a composição física e química da planta de milho para forragem. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos com esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. O híbrido foi cultivado em cinco densidades de semeadura (80, 160, 240, 320 e 400 mil plantas ha -1 ) e colhido em cinco épocas (40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 dias após a emergência). Foram avaliados a composição percentual das estruturas anatômicas da planta pela segmentação dos componentes colmo e folhas e o potencial produtivo de biomassa verde e de biomassa seca (kg ha -1 ). O aumento da densidade populacional afetou a distribuição dos componentes da matéria seca total das folhas em detrimento do colmo. As variáveis avaliadas apresentaram diferença significativa para o fator época de colheita, havendo diminuição linear na relação folha colmo (fo/co), teor de proteína bruta (% PB) e de minerais (cinzas) e aumento no teor de matéria seca da planta inteira, folha e colmo (% MS), produção de matéria seca total (kg de MS ha -1 ), teor de fibra em detergente neutro (% FDN), teor de fibra em detergente ácido (% FDA) e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (% NDT). O milho forragem apresenta-se como uma técnica de grande potencial de produção de matéria seca, fonte de fibra de alta qualidade para ruminantes com rápido ciclo de crescimento, independentemente da densidade testada, com possibilidade da manipulação da composição bromatológica em função da época de corte variando de 40 a 80 dias após a emergência. Palavras-chave: Zea mays L, composição bromatológica, forragem, produção de biomassa. CORN FORRAGE PRODUCTION, CULTIVATED IN DIFFERENT PLANTING DENSITIESABSTRACT -The experiment has the objective to evaluate biomass production and the physical and chemical of plant composition, as forage. The experimental design was randomized complete block split plot. The hybrid was grown in five seeding densities (80; 160; 240; 320 and 400 thousand plants ha -1 ) and harvested in five times (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days after emergence). The anatomical structure composition by segmentation of stem and leaf and the productive potential of biomass produce were evaluated. The increase in plant population affected the distribution of the components of total dry mass with an increase in leaf against the stem. All measured response variables showed a significant difference to the harvest time factor, with linear decrease proportion between leaf and stem (fo/co), crude protein (%CP), and minerals (ash) and increase of dry matter in biomass, leaf and stem (%DM), total production of nature matter (kg of MN ha -1 ), total production of dry matter (kg of MS ha -1 ), neutral detergent fiber (%NDF), acid detergent fiber (%ADF) and total digestible nutrients (%TDN). The forage corn can be a technique of great potential dry matter production, highly fiber quality for ruminants, rapid growth cycle, regardless of tested density, with possibility of manipulation of compositio...
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