he objective of this study was to evaluate the production and physical composition of three maize hybrids (Zea mays, L.) for silage production at six maturity stages. The hybrids evaluated were Maximus VIP3, Defender VIP and Feroz VIP. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The mean plant heights observed at harvest time (2.33 m, 2.45 m and 2.40 m) demonstrated that all materials were medium-sized hybrids. A positive correlation was observed between plant height and height of the ear insertion, varying from 0.86 for the Feroz VIP hybrid to 0.88 for the Maximus VIP3 hybrid, but these two variants had no correlation with the productivity data. There was a significant difference for the production of fresh biomass at the R1, R2 and R5 stages, with Maximus VIP3 obtaining the highest yields. The proportion of grains in the physical composition of plant varied between hybrids, where Maximus VIP3 and Defender VIP (482.2 and 461.7 g kg-1, respectively) were superior to Feroz VIP (429.7 g kg-1). With the advancement of maturity, there was a decreasing linear behavior for stem and leaf participation, with reductions of 3.8 g kg-1 and 4.5 g kg-1, respectively, per day (R2 = 0.79 and 0.80, respectively), quadratic behavior for bracts and corncob and a linear increase in grain participation in the plant structure, with an increase of 7.7 g kg-1 per day (R2 = 0.88). In general, the three hybrids present good characteristics for silage production and permit harvesting in the hard grain stage, allowing the addition of starch in relation to the farinaceous grain stage.
This study aimed to evaluate the production, the physical and nutritional composition of forage and silage, as well as the profitability and aerobic stability of different winter cereals harvested at the stage of floury grain. The experimental design was a 2x7 factorial randomized block design, with two forms of foods (fresh forage and silage) and seven genotypes, with four replications. The genotypes used were the white oat (Avena sativa) cv. URS Taura; barley (Hordeum vulgare) cv. BRS Brau and cv. BRS Cauê; wheat (Tricticum aestivum) cv. CD 1440; rye (Secale cereal) cv. BR 01; and triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR 111 and cv. BRS Saturno. The materials were harvested during the stage of floury grain. In forage evaluation, rye showed the highest (P < 0,05) dry biomass production (7,100 kg ha-1), but with a higher percentage of stem (46.7%) in dry matter, implying higher ADF (44.69%) in relation to other cereals. The forage of the white oats cv. URS Taura and triticale cv. IPR 111 provided the best nutritional quality compared to the other evaluated cereals, but in the resulting silage, only triticale remained with forage-like characteristics. It was clear the superiority of barley cv. BRS Cauê, wheat cv. CD 1440 and rye cv. BR 01 regarding the maintenance of aerobic stability (160 hours), while the other silages lost their stability within 32 hours. Rye cv. BR 01 and triticale IPR 111 presented the highest production of recovered dry biomass (5,402 and 5,352 kg ha-1 respectively), barley cv. BRS Cauê and oat URS Taura provided higher cost of production per kg-1 dry biomass, both with R$ 0.29 and higher cost per kg of recovered dry biomass R$ 0.45 and 0.37 respectively. There are several factors to consider when choosing the winter species for silage production, and future studies can fully elucidate these factors.
RESUMO.Os consumidores estão cada vez mais exigentes em relação a qualidade da carne consumida em virtude do aumento da renda per capita. Todavia, o padrão cárneo brasileiro possui diversos entraves sob tal ótica. Desta forma, esta revisão de literatura visa abordar as principais diferenças da carcaça e da carne de bovinos sob diferentes sistemas de terminação. Palavras chave: Confinamento, idade ao abate, marmoreioAspects that influence the tenderness cattle meat: Review ABSTRACT. Consumers are becoming increasingly demanding for meat quality due to the increased of the per capita income. However, the Brazilian meat pattern has a lot of problems on these circumstances. So, this review approaches the main differences of carcass and cattle meat in different finishing systems.
ABSTRACT. Enzymes can be an interesting additive in high energy diets for feedlot cattle. However, literature is inconsistent on this subject. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate animal performance of feedlot bulls receiving high energy diet, composed of a mixture of 85% whole corn grain and 15% proteinmineral-vitamin nucleus, without or with xylanase included in the diets. Diets consisted of: CON -diet without enzymes (Control) and ENZ -diet with enzymes (5 g animal day -1). Thirty-two bulls were used, with an average age of 11 ± 2 months, average initial weight of 365 ± 5 kg, and finished for 119 days in feedlot. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of two treatments and eight replications, where each replication was represented by a stall with two animals. ENZ increased the weight gain (1.69 vs. 1.33 kg day -1) and improved the feed conversion (4.60 vs. 6.03 kg -1 ) in the adaptation period of the animals. Animals receiving ENZ increased 1.65% of carcass yield and were 7.57% more efficient in the conversion of dry matter consumed into carcass gain in relation to CON. Carcass traits of feedlot-finished bulls were not altered by inclusion of enzymes. Xylanase-complex could increase efficiency in feedlot bulls.Keywords: beef cattle, feed additive, ruminant nutrition.Eficiência do complexo xilanase em dietas de alta energia para touros terminados em confinamento RESUMO. As enzimas podem ser aditivos interessantes em dietas de alta energia para gado em confinamento. No entanto, a literatura é inconsistente para este assunto. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o desempenho de touros em confinamento com dietas de alta densidade energética, composto apenas de uma mistura de 85% de grãos de milho inteiros e 15% de núcleo proteico-vitamínico-mineral, com ou sem inclusão de enzimas à base de xilanase. Os tratamentos foram CON -dieta sem enzimas (controle) e ENZ -dieta com enzimas (5 g animal dia -1 ). Foram utilizados 32 touros, com idade média de 11 ± 2, peso inicial médio de 365 kg ± 5 e terminados por 119 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, consistindo em dois tratamentos e oito repetições, em que cada repetição foi representada por uma baia com dois animais. ENZ aumentou o ganho de peso (1,69 vs. 1,33 kg dia -1 ) e melhorou a conversão alimentar (4,60 vs. 6,03 kg -1 ) na fase de adaptação dos animais em confinamento. Os animais que receberam ENZ aumentaram 1,65% do rendimento de carcaça e foram 7,57% mais eficientes na transformação da matéria seca consumida no ganho de carcaça em relação ao CON. As características de carcaça de touros terminados em confinamento não foram alteradas em função da inclusão de enzimas. O complexo de xilanase pode aumentar eficiência de touros de confinamento.Palavras-chave: bovinos de corte, aditivo alimentar, nutrição de ruminantes.
Resumo: Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade aparente da dieta, o ganho de peso médio diário, assim como as características da carcaça e seus componentes não integrantes, de novilhos terminados em confinamento alimentados com silagens dos híbridos de milho P2530, P30B39 H e P30R50 H. As dietas foram formuladas com silagem de milho e concentrado comercial com razão 50:50 na base seca. O experimento utilizou 36 novilhos inteiros cruza ½ Angus, com idade média de 12 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 372 kg. O nível de NDT apresentou diferença entre os tratamentos (P<0,05), tendo o híbrido P30R50 H gerado 66,57% contra 62,97% do híbrido P2530. Os percentuais de digestibilidade aparente da dieta variaram de 68,65% (P2530) a 72,24% (P30B39 H), havendo diferença significativa entre os híbridos (P<0,05). Não houve interação significativa entre híbrido x período para nenhuma das variáveis de desempenho, porém, o GMD do primeiro período (1,282 kg) foi estatisticamente inferior aos dois próximos, com valores médios de 1,518 e 1,535 kg, respectivamente. Apesar dos híbridos de milho P30R50 H e P30B39 H terem apresentado maiores valores de NDT e digestibilidade aparente, tais resultados foram incapazes de gerar diferença em relação ao desempenho dos animais, tampouco nas características da carcaça. Palavras-chave: consumo, cultivares de milho, digestibilidade aparente, ganho de peso, medidas corporais Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate dry matter intake, apparent digestibility of the diet, daily average weight gain, as well as the characteristics of the carcass and its non -integral components of feedlotfinished steers fed with P2530 maize hybrids, P30B39H and P30R50H. The diets were formulated with corn silage and commercial concentrate with 50:50 ratio on the dry basis. The experiment used 36 crossbred ½ Angus steers, with a mean age of 12 months and an initial mean live weight of 372 kg. The NDT level presented a difference between the treatments (P <0.05), with the hybrid P30R50 H generated 66.57% versus 62.97% of the hybrid P2530. The percentage of apparent digestibility of the diet varied from 68.65% (P2530) to 72.24% (P30B39 H), with a significant difference between the hybrids (P <0.05). There was no significant interaction between hybrid x period for any of the performance variables, however, the ADG of the first period (1.282 kg) was statistically lower than the two close ones, with average values of 1,518 and 1,535 kg, respectively. Although the maize hybrids P30R50 H and P30B39 H showed higher NDT values and apparent digestibility, these results were unable to generate differences in the performance of the animals, nor in the characteristics of the carcass.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the production performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers fed a high-energy diet supplemented with doses of an enzyme complex (0, 2.5, 5.0, and, 7.5 g animal-1 day-1). Thirty-two ½ Angus ½ Nellore crossbred steers at an average age of 12 months and an average initial weight of 422 kg, were kept in a feedlot for 77 days. The roughage-free diet was composed of a mixture of whole corn grain and a protein-mineral-vitamin mix at a constant ratio of 85:15, on a dry matter basis. A completely randomized block design was adopted, consisting of four treatments and four replicates, in which each replicate was represented by a stall with two animals. Each gram of product added to the diet led to a decrease of 0.0818 kg in daily dry matter intake (DMI), whereas fat thickness at the ribs and at the hindquarter increased by 0.3850 and 0.080 mm, respectively. Feed efficiency increased by 0.0054 kg BW kg DMI-1 per gram of enzyme added. Apparent dry matter digestibility had a quadratic response, with maximum digestion manifested at the dose of 4.78 g animal-1 day-1. The gradual inclusion of enzyme complex reduces the DMI but increases feed efficiency and carcass fat cover of feedlot steers.
The Brazilian livestock activity is undergoing constant evolution, and aiming at its maximum efficiency, it is necessary to have available to the animals food in quantity and quality all the year. To this end, the cultivation of winter forage is carried out. The present study aimed to evaluate the productive and qualitative agronomic traits of ryegrass forage. The experiment was a randomized block design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of six treatments, three plant stands (525, 1050 and 2095 plants m-2) associated with two successive cutting times (vegetative and full vegetative), and four repetitions. There was no interaction between population stand and cutting times for the variables studied. The stand of 525 plants m-2 had a higher participation of green leaves (50.52 %), higher digestibility of the whole plant dry matter (84.81 %) compared to the stands of 1.050 and 2.095 plants m-2, and dry biomass production per unit area equivalent to the others (6087, 7243 and 6989 kg ha-1, respectively). The first harvest season presented higher participation of green leaves and better leaf/stem ratio, 58.62 % and 3.41 % respectively, as well as higher digestibility of green leaves (77.26 %) and stem (80.82 %).
RESUMO.A produção de silagem pré-secada de melhor custo benefício aliando alta produção, valor nutricional e custo de produção são fundamentais para sobrevivência no sistema produtivo. Nesse contexto, os cereais de inverno ganham destaque por serem excelentes para a oferta in natura, ou seja, em pastejo e terem ainda a possibilidade de conservação de seu excedente. O Sul do país ainda comporta muitas áreas ociosas no período de inverno, áreas onde é cultivado milho, safra após safra, sendo esses, outros pontos favoráveis à confecção desse alimento, aumentando a lucratividade e a rotatividade da mesma. Dentre as culturas de inverno mais utilizadas para o feitio de silagem pré-secada destacam-se a aveia preta (Avena strigosa), aveia branca (Avena sativa), cevada (Hordeum vulgare), trigo (Triticum aestivum), centeio (Secale cereale), e o triticale (X Triticosecale).Palavras chave: Aveia, bromatologia, forragem conservada, proteína bruta, triticale Pre-dried silage of winter cereals in pre-flowering stage: A review ABSTRACT. The production of pre-dried silage of better cost benefit with high production, nutritional value and cost of production are fundamental for survival in the productive system. In this context, winter cereals are important because they are excellent for the in natura supply, that is, in grazing and also have the possibility of conserving their surplus. The southern part of the country still contains many idle areas in the winter period, areas where maize is grown, harvest after harvest, and these are other favorable points in the preparation of this food, increasing its profitability and its rotation. Among the winter crops most used for the pre-dried silage species are: oats (Avena strigosa), white oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), and triticale (X Triticosecale).Keywords: Oat, bromatology, conserved forage, crude protein, triticale Ensilajes pre-secados de cereales de invierno en estadio de prefloración: Una revisión RESUMEN. La producción de ensilaje pre seca de mejor costo beneficio combinando alta producción, valor nutricional y costo de producción son fundamentales para la estabilidad en sistemas de producción. Teniendo en cuenta este contexto, los cereales de invierno ganan destaque porque son excelentes para la oferta In natura es decir, en pastoreo, además de la capacidad de conservar su excedente. El sur del país todavía tiene muchas áreas inactivas en el período de invierno, las zonas donde se cultiva maíz, temporada tras temporada, siendo esto otros puntos favorables para la producción de ese
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