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ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL abstractThe hydro-alcoholic extract from Calendula officinalis petals, was evaluated showing beneficial effects against oxidative stress and therefore on diseases associated to inflammatory processes. The content of polyphenols of the extract was determined by TLC and HPLC-UV-DAD and the antioxidant efficiency estimated from Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ reducing power, Cu 2+and Fe 2+ chelation,• OH radical scavenging, ABTS [2, 2´-azino bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and DPPH (2,2´diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays. The in vitro growth inhibition (IC 50 ) in human cancer cell breast (MDA-MB-231), uterine cervix (HeLa), lung (A-549), colon (HT-29) and (Caco-2) was determined by MTT method. The extract showed that the polyphenols content in the hydro-alcoholic extract was 37.01±0.015 mg GAE g -1 , being rutin the most abundant one. ABTS TEAC and DPPH TEAC tests showed a high antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity profile displayed high reducing capacity and ability to chelate Cu 2+ and Fe 2+ as well as good• OH radical scavenging capacity. The extract showed a cytotoxic effect on human cancer cell lines of colon (HT-29) and (Caco-2), breast (MDA-MB-231), uterine cervix (HeLa), and lung (A-549) (IC 50 = 10.84, 11.73, 11.26, 11.53, and 11.96 µg mL -1 , respectively). The correlation analysis suggests that the Calendula officinalis polyphenols are directly related to the antioxidant efficiency of the extract and inversely to the cell viability.Key Words: Calendula officinalis, polyphenols, antioxidant, cytotoxicity. OH, y ensayos ABTS [2, 2´-azino-bis (3 etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfónico) y DPPH (2,2´difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). La inhibición del crecimiento in vitro (IC 50 ) en células cancerosas humanas de mama (MDA-MB-231), de cuello uterino (HeLa) , pulmón (A-549) , y colon (HT-29 y Caco-2), fue determinado por el método de MTT. El extracto mostró que el contenido total de polifenoles fue de 37.01±0.015 mg GAe g -1 , siendo la rutina la más abundante. Las pruebas ABTS TEAC y DPPH TEAC mostraron una alta capacidad antioxidante. El perfil de actividad antioxidante mostró buena capacidad reductora y capacidad para quelar Cu 2+ y Fe 2+, así como una buena capacidad de eliminación de radicales • OH. El extracto también mostró efecto citotóxico en células de colon (HT-29 y Caco-2) , de mama (MDA-MB-231), de cuello uterino (HeLa) y pulmón (A-549) (IC 50 = 10.84, 11.73, 11.26, 11.53 y 11.96 μg mL -1 , respectivamente). El análisis de correlación sugiere que los polifenoles de Calendula officinalis están directamente relacionados con la capacidad antioxidante del extracto y se asocian inversamente con la viabilidad celular.Palabras Clave: Calendula officinalis, polifenoles, antioxidante, citotoxicidad.

Calophyllum (Clusiaceae) species constitute a source of new chemical compounds able to inhibit HIV-1 RT [1]. In the American Continent Calophyllum is represented by 8 species; among them, Calophyllum brasiliense is the widest distributed species from Argentine to Mexico [2]. We have previously reported that two populations of C. brasiliense Veracruz, Mexico, differ in their leaf chemistry, therefore CTP1 and CTP2 respectively. The CTP1 contains mammea type coumarins, while CTP2 produces chromanones and calanolides; only the second chemotype is active against HIV-1 RT [3,4]. Chemical differences may be related to a speciation process in this taxon; however morphological, anatomical and DNA sequences may also be examined for supporting this hypothesis. In this contribution we examined if both chemotypes exhibit anatomical differences in their leaves.Mature leaves from at least 5 threes of CTP1 and CTP2 ecotypes were used for the structural study. Transversal sections (2 cm wide) from the central part of the leaf were fixed in FAA solution (3.6% formaldehyde, 5% acetic acid glacial, 50% ethanol in water) for 48 h. Then the tissue was rinsed twice with distilled water and dehydrated in an ethanol serial (50, 70, 80, 90, 96%) and two changes in absolute ethanol for 2 h each concentration. Tissue was infiltrated in paraffin (Paraplast) [5]. Transversal sections (15 m) of the main vein were obtained in a rotator [6]. Sections were studied with an optical microscope (Axioscop 2 Plus, Zeiss, Germany) and pictures were captured with a digital camera (Axiocam 5RMs).The two leaf ecotypes of C. brasiliense are bifacial, with palisade mesophyll tissue adaxially and many layers of parenchyma cells in the spongy mesophyll abaxially. The vascular tissue of the lamina is formed by colateral vascular bundles; the xylem facing the adaxial epidermis and the phloem facing the abaxial epidermis. Leaves are hipo-estomatics, estomata are present only in the abaxial epidermis. Despite these overall basic similarities, there is substantial variation in several aspects of leaf anatomy and morphology between the two ecotypes. This include midrib shape, presence or absence of hypodermis, single or double palisade mesophyll layers, distances between secondary veins, abundance of laticiferous and canals, abundance of channels. Leaf blade of CTP2 ecotype is thicker (300 275 m) than Santa Martha (200-225 m) and the epicuticular wax of CTP1 is thicker and contain more tannins than CTP2 leaves. The palisade mesophyll is formed of two layers in CTP2 in contrast CTP1 ecotype shows a hypodermis with thick cell walls and single layer palisade mesophyll; character associated with coriaceous leaves and barriers to dehydration. These characters may be associated with the environmental conditions where this ecotype grows. The mid rib bundle show differences between ecotypes, CTP1 leaves show the adaxial parenchyma convex and the abaxial one is pronounced convex, in contrast CTP2 leaves have adaxial parenchyma of the midribs flat and the abaxial parenchy...

Opuntia genus belongs to the Cactaceae family, Mexico is the major producer in the world. Due to Opuntia's phytochemical content and their health-related benefits, was proposed the elaboration of liquor using Opuntia fruit. Phenolic content, volatile aromatic profile, antioxidant activity, and sensory evaluation were carried out to characterize the liquor. Sensorial evaluation results showed that L-2D (2 day-macerated liquor) has the higher consumers' acceptance. Moreover, L-2D had the highest content of volatile compounds (348 mg/L), and the highest antioxidant activity (1.29, 1.63 and 2.05 mmol Trolox/L, according to ABTS, DPPH and FRAP methods, respectively). We could identify and quantify 29 volatile compounds, being ethyl acetate and D-limonene those with the highest content. Quercitrin was the most abundant phenolic compound in the liquor. The findings of this study demonstrate that Opuntia liquor is a rich source of phenolics and aromatic compounds that would be a drink with the probability of being commercialize.Evaluación de la variación de la composición de compuestos volátiles y la actividad antioxidante en licores de frutos de Opuntia durante el proceso de maceración RESUMEN El género Opuntia pertenece a la familia Cactaceae, México es el mayor productor del mundo. Debido al contenido fitoquímico de Opuntia y sus beneficios relacionados con la salud, se propuso la elaboración de un licor utilizando la fruta de Opuntia. El contenido fenólico, el perfil fenólico, el perfil aromático volátil, la actividad antioxidante y la evaluación sensorial se llevaron a cabo para caracterizar el licor. Los resultados de la evaluación sensorial mostraron que L-2D (licor de 2 días macerado) tuvo la mayor aceptación de los consumidores. Además, L-2D tuvo el mayor contenido de compuestos volátiles (348 mg/L) y la mayor actividad antioxidante (1.29, 1.63 y 2.05 mmol de Trolox/L, según los métodos ABTS, DPPH y FRAP, respectivamente). Con respecto a los compuestos volátiles aromáticos, pudimos identificar y cuantificar 29 de ellos, siendo el acetato de etilo y el D-limoneno los que tuvieron el mayor contenido. La quercitrina fue el compuesto fenólico más abundante en el licor. Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran que el licor de Opuntia es una fuente rica de compuestos fenólicos y aromáticos, siendo una bebida con probabilidad de ser comercializada. ARTICLE HISTORY