RESUMO Um dos objetivos da etnobioloqia e entender como as populações humanas classifi

After several years collecting in the type-localities and studying representative samples of genus Steindachneridion Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1919 from Brazilian and foreign museums, a taxonomic revision of the Recent species of the genus is presented, including the description of a new species from the rio Iguaçu, above the great falls. Steindachneridion species are large sized fishes, reaching 1000 mm total length or more, and sharing some anatomical characters that, at least tentatively, support the monophyly of the genus. In addition to the general features found in the Pimelodidae, the species S. amblyurum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888), S. parahybae (Steindachner, 1877), S. doceanum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889), S. scriptum (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918), S. punctatum (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918), and S. melanodermatum, new species, share the shape of the vomer tooth plates, six to eight branched rays in the dorsal-fin, and a low number of gill-rakers. All species, except fossil ones, are redescribed and a key for their identification is provided.
Após vários anos coletando nas localidades tipo e estudando amostras representativas de museus brasileiros e estrangeiros, é apresentada uma revisão taxonômica das espécies Recentes do gênero Steindachneridion Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1919, incluindo a descrição de uma espécie nova da bacia do rio Iguaçu, acima das Cataratas do Iguaçu. Em comum, os adultos de todas as espécies apresentam grande porte, até 1000 mm ou mais de comprimento padrão e compartilham alguns caracteres anatômicos discutidos neste estudo, que pelo menos preliminarmente suportam o monofiletismo do gênero. Além das características gerais de Pimelodidae, S. amblyurum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888), S. parahybae (Steindachner, 1877), S. doceanum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889), S. scriptum (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918), S. punctatum (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918) e S. melanodermatum, espécie nova, têm em comum a forma das placas dentígeras do premaxilar e do vômer, a presença de seis a oito raios divididos na nadadeira dorsal e o número reduzido de rastros branquiais. Todas as espécies, com exceção das fósseis são redescritas e uma chave de identificação é apresentada

This article concerns an inventory of the ichthyofauna from the main channel of the mid-Tocantins River and studies on fisheries in this region including an evaluation of activities from Colônia de Pesca Z-35 of Estreito and Carolina in Tocantins and Maranhão States, Brazil, during 1999 and 2000. This study includes taxonomy and fishery data obtained from field collections and from interviews with the fishermen, carried out in March and July of 2001. The systematic record and fishery data were obtained from the most common species of the ichthyofauna of the mid-Tocantins River. A critical examination of fish resources from this area allows us to conclude that the large commercial species have decreased in number and are qualitatively reduced in that area of Tocantins. This fact may be a result of breaking the main channel of Tocantins, first by the hydroelectric power dam of Tucurui, twenty years ago, followed by the formation of the hydroelectric reservoirs of Lageado, Peixe Angical and Serra da Mesa, that transformed the main channel of Tocantins into a successive cascade of reservoirs. Those events may perhaps modify the profile of the fish community in that area. The obtained data also permit an examination of fisheries in the area, providing an appraisal on forthcoming problems that will be faced by fishermen of Colônia de Pesca Z-35.

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The species Rhamdia branneri Haseman, 1911 and the subspecies Rhamdia branneri voulezi Haseman, 1911 from rio Iguaçu are currently recognized as synonyms of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). However, recent karyotype and ecomorphology studies distinguish R. branneri and R. voulezi as different species. Examination of Rhamdia populations from rio Iguaçu, including type specimens, together with other congeners from rio Tibagi, allowed to properly reexamine the situation of these Haseman's taxa and references given to Rhamdia in the Iguaçu. The species R. branneri and R. voulezi have strong serrae with large basis on both margins of the pectoral-fin spine, uncommon in the remaining species of Rhamdia and different from the fine serrate margins of the pectoral spine of R. quelen; a regular dorsal profile, slightly curved between supraoccipital and dorsal fin; with dorsal darkbrown or light-gray coloration along body, abdomen pale, without profuse small black spots, common in populations of the upper Paraná species and the type-material of R. quelen. Also the following morphometric characters discriminate these species: Rhamdia voulezi, adipose fin elongate; smaller distance between dorsal and adipose fin; smaller length between adipose fin to base of caudal fin and smaller distance from posterior margin of eye to opercular border. Rhamdia branneri, larger distance from dorsal and adipose fins; deeper caudal peduncle; higher trunk depth in the vertical distance through adipose, between pelvic and anal fins; larger scapular bridge; shorter maxillary barbel; shorter external mental barbel; shorter interorbital distance; shorter length of dorsal fin basis and shorter adipose-fin base length. A PCA between the populations of Rhamdia from Iguaçu and a population from rio Tibagi, upper Paraná basin, discriminates the population from Tibagi on basis of dorsal to adipose fin distance, dorsal-fin spine length, maxillary barbel length, eye diameter, and pectoral-fin spine length. This morphometric study allied to the karyotype known differences suggest R. branneri and R. voulezi as valid species. The complex state of R. quelen with the neotype recently designated from rio Samiria recommend new studies on basis of molecular genetics and provision of the names R. branneri and R. voulezi in the Iguaçu basin.A espécie Rhamdia branneri Haseman, 1911 e sua subespécie Rhamdia branneri voulezi Haseman, 1911 são atualmente consideradas sinônimos de Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Recentemente, estudos de cariótipos e de ecomorfologia distinguiram R. branneri e R. voulezi em espécies distintas. Exame de populações de Rhamdia do rio Iguaçu, incluindo espécimes-tipo, em conjunto com outras congêneres do rio Tibagi, permitiu reexaminar apropriadamente a situação destas espécies de Haseman e das referências dadas ao gênero Rhamdia para a bacia do rio Iguaçu. Rhamdia branneri e R. voulezi diferem de outras espécies de Rhamdia do rio Iguaçu por possuírem ambas as bordas do raio indiviso peitoral fortemente serrada com unidades rom...

Fish assemblage composition and seasonal patterns of species abundance were studied in Cabaceiras stream, a tributary of the Mogi Guaçu river in São Paulo State, Brazil. Three stations were sampled monthly from June 1999 to May 2000 using sieves and small trawl net and gill nets. Fifteen fish families, 37 genera and 45 species were captured. Characiformes (27 spp.) and Siluriformes (13 spp.) were the most species-rich orders. Gymnotiformes and Perciformes were represented by two species each, and Synbranchiformes had only a single species. One group of species (approximately 75 %) persisted in the stream throughout the year. A second group (approximately 25 %) contained species that only occupy the stream for a limited period of their life cycle, and overall fish assemblage composition was associated with the seasonal flood cycle.

The large catfishes, genus Hypostomus Lacépède, are common species in almost all freshwater environments of South America. The behavior of specimens from the species Hypostomus alatus, Hypostomus francisci, Hypostomus cf. wuchereri, and Hypostomus sp., from the region downstream from the Xingó Hydroelectric Power Dam, located in Canindé do São Francisco on the Rio São Francisco, were observed. Morphological characters collected from preserved specimens were also studied in the laboratory, in order to shed light on interactions between those fishes and the river bottom. In addition, the formulation of Gatz (1979) was applied to better explain the environmental interactions of Hypostomus species. This study revealed that the fishes utilize their suckers, through a mouth equipped with an oral disk, as well as the pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins areas, to interact with the rocky river-bottom. The comb-toothed inferior mouth of the Hypostomus showed itself able to grasp green algae on the river bottom. With the help of the oral disk and sucker mouth, which anchor the fishes, in conjunction with the arched design of pectoral and pelvic fin spines, they are also able to remain upright while exploring this substratum. In addition, their large, concave caudal-fin is associated with fast locomotion over short distances. This combination of characteristics allow these fish to live on the bottom of large South American rivers.

Leporinus obtusidens Valenciennes, 1837 and L. elongatus Valenciennes, 1850 are redescribed based on the type specimens, including those of their junior synonyms, and recently collected specimens. Leporinus obtusidens is considered to be widespread, occuring in the river drainages of La Plata, São Francisco, and Parnaíba. Leporinus aguapeiensis Campos, 1945, described from the upper Rio Paraná, and L. silvestrii Boulenger, 1902, described from the Rio Paraguay, are considered junior synonyms of L. obtusidens. Leporinus elongatus is endemic to the Rio Jequitinhonha and Rio Pardo, two eastern Brazilian river basins, and the locality cited for the lectotype, Rio São Fransico, likely to be erroneous. Leporinus crassilabris Borodin, 1929, and L. crassilabris breviceps Borodin, 1929, both described from the Rio Jequitinhonha, are considered junior synynoms of L. elongatus. A new species of Leporinus, endemic to the upper Rio Paraná, very similar and sometimes mistaken with L. obtusidens, is formally described. In addition, comments on Leporinus pachyurus Valenciennes, 1850 and on L. bimaculatus Castelnau, 1855 are provided, and a lectotype for L. bimaculatus is selected.