Agroforestry covers between 200 and 357 million hectares in Latin America, including 14-26 million hectares in Central America and 88-315 million hectares in South America. Commercial silvopastoral systems and shaded tree-crop systems (involving crops such as of coffee, Coffea spp., and cacao, Theobroma cacao L.) are the most prominent agroforestry examples in the region. Agroforestry has permeated into multiple sectors of modern Latin American societies and is now included in the agendas of the international community; in national laws, institutions, and policies; in a growing body of science and technology; and in the practice by farmers, ranchers, and other land users. In this chapter, we explored the status and trends of Latin American agroforestry in fi ve sectors: (1) rural development, (2)
Objectives. To characterize the total content of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and trace elements (As and Se) of interest, their bioavailability and solubility during the composting of cow manure and tree litter in piles inoculated with beneficial microorganism (IBM), or not inoculated (NBM), on the university campus of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM). Methods. The investigation evaluated composting in six piles, three IBM piles and three NBM piles, for 120 days. Every 30 days, a composite sample was taken from each pile. The raw materials used were cattle manure and tree litter. The variables analyzed were the total concentrations (content) of metals and trace elements of interest, extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid/pentatetic acid (DTPA) (for the bioavailability study) and extracted with deionized water (for the solubility study). Results. The average values (n = 3) of the total content (mg·kg−1) on day 120 in IBM were in the following order: Zn (404.33) > Cu (86.33) > Pb (71.2) > Cr (34.33) > As (28.0) > Ni (13.83) > Mo (2.86) > Se (1.38) > Cd (1.32) > Hg (0.39) and in NBM: Zn (466.0) > Cu (112.23) > Pb (73.23) > Cr (35.33) > As (29.67) > Ni (14.37) > Mo (3.23) > Se (1.55) > Cd (1.38) > Hg (0.38). The values complied with the Austrian Compost Standard for Landscaping and Land Rehabilitation and the Peruvian Standard for Nonorganic Agriculture. Significant differences were observed in some elements ( p < 0.05) between 0 and 120 days in both types of pile (IBM and NBM). Conclusions. For nonorganic agriculture in Peru, urban compost is recommended, whereby raw organic materials are inoculated with beneficial microorganisms during the composting process to reduce the bioavailability of Cu and Zn, as these elements showed less bioavailability than noninoculated piles. The composting process for both piles (IBM and NBM) reduced the solubility in Cu, Pb, and Zn.
La investigación tuvo por objetivos: a) Determinar los indicadores de diversidad en vegetación de los frutales amazónicos y diversidad de artrópodos del suelo en las parcelas de agricultores que fueron instalados por el INIA e IIAP en el área de influencia de la carretera Iquitos – Nauta, Loreto. b) Determinar el secuestro de carbono en parcelas con frutales amazónicos en el área de influencia de la carretera Iquitos – Nauta, Loreto. c) Evaluar la sustentabilidad económica, ecológica y social de las parcelas con frutales amazónicos en el área de influencia de la carretera Iquitos – Nauta, Loreto. El área de estudio en la región Loreto – Perú, se encuestó a 37 agricultores. El indicador alfa de diversidad en la vegetación, alcanzó el valor del índice 2.07 y el índice de artrópodos fue de 1.91. Los mayores valores de carbono (C) en la biomasa se encontró en el frutal de guaba (Inga edulis Mart.) en la parcela 17, con una reserva total de carbono de 90 t·ha-1 y con valor de flujo de CO2 de 22 t·ha-1·a-1. La asociación de uvilla (Pouroma cecropiifolia Mart.) con pijuayo (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) captó en total 117.19 t·ha-1 con un flujo de CO2 de 33.42 t·ha-1·a-1. La mayor acumulación de C en el suelo fue en la parcela 23 con 66.5 t·ha-1, reduciendo la emisión de CO2 en 243.84 t·ha-1·a-1. Las evaluaciones de sustentabilidad en la dimensión económica alcanzaron el valor de 3.20, la dimensión ecológica alcanzó el valor de 3.33 y la dimensión sociocultural alcanzó el valor de 2.04. Se concluye que los frutales amazónicos son sustentables en la dimensión económica y ecológica. Sin embargo, en la dimensión sociocultural presenta sustentabilidad débil.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.