The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of blood glucose utilization by peripheral tissue on the basis of changes in blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and inorganic phosphorus in healthy (n=8) and cows with ketosis (n=7) after intravenous infusion of glucose solution. After intravenous infusion of a total of 500 ml of 50 % of glucose solution, glucose and insulin blood values in both groups of cows increased significantly within 10 and 30 minutes of the experiment (P < 0.05). After intravenous infusion of glucose, it was established that values of inorganic phosphorus were decreased (P < 0.05) in blood in both groups of cows. Within testing period there was a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the blood value of inorganic phosphorus in ketotic cows in comparison with healthy ones. This is linked with the active entry of glucose into the glucolytic pathway of peripheral tissues. It can thus be concluded that there is a higher degree of blood glucose utilization by peripheral tissues in ketotic cows. [[Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31001]
Traditionally, in biomedical animal research, laboratory rodents are individually examined in test apparatuses outside their home cages at selected time points. However, the outcome of such tests can be influenced by the novel environment, the time of day, separation from the social group, or the presence of an experimenter. Moreover, valuable information may be missed when the animals are only monitored in short periods. These issues can be overcome by longitudinal monitoring mice and rats in their home cages. To shed light on the development of home cage monitoring (HCM) and the current state of the art, a systematic review was carried out on 521 publications retrieved through PubMed and Web of Science. Both the absolute (~ x26) and relative (~ x7) number of HCM-related publications increased from 1974 to 2020. In both mice and rats, there was a clear bias towards males and individually housed animals, but during the past decade (2011-2020), an increasing number of studies used both sexes and group housing. More than 70% of the studies did not involve a disease model, but the percentage of studies using disease models increased since the 2000s. In most studies, animals were kept for short (up to 4 weeks) length periods in the HCM systems; intermediate length periods (4-12 weeks) increased in frequency in the years between 2011 and 2020. Before the 2000s, HCM techniques were predominantly applied for less than 12 hours, while 24-hour measurements have been more frequently since the 2000s. The systematic review demonstrated that manual monitoring is decreasing but still relevant. Until (and including) the 1990s, most techniques were applied manually but have been progressively replaced by automation since the 2000s. Independent of the publication year, the main behavioral parameters measured were locomotor activity, feeding, and social behaviors; the main physiological parameters were heart rate and electrocardiography. External appearance-related parameters were rarely examined in the home cages. Due to technological progress and application of artificial intelligence, more refined and detailed behavioral parameters could be investigated in the home cage in recent times. Over the period covered in this study, techniques for HCM of mice and rats has improved considerably. This development is ongoing and further progress and validation of HCM systems will extend the applications to allow for continuous, longitudinal, non-invasive monitoring of an increasing range of parameters in group-housed small rodents in their home cages.
Season may affect calves' thermal comfort and behavior, but the data related to the overall influence of seasonal variations on dams' colostrum and postnatal adaptive capability of calves are limited. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of a 49-day-long low air temperature (LAT) season (5.20 ± 0.46 °C mean air temperature) and a 53-day-long high air temperature (HAT) season (27.40 ± 0.39 °C mean air temperature) on dams' colostrum quality and physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress parameters of their calves during the first 7 days of life. The dams' colostrum was sampled at 2, 14, and 26 h after calving, before feeding of their calves. Calves' blood samples were taken before the first colostrum intake and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 of life. Calves' physiological parameters were measured on days 0 and 7. HAT season significantly reduced the quality of dams' colostrum. The ingestion of the low-quality colostrum, combined with the thermal discomfort during HAT season, probably provoked impaired physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress parameters in samples taken from the post-colostral calves. Additionally, intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed on day 7, which suggested an enhanced insulin response in HAT season calves. This study highlights the importance of adequate supporting strategies for the care of the late gestation cows and postnatal calves during the HAT season.
The aim of the study was to evaluate energy status of cows with different milk production during the first 100 days of lactation, based on the concentration of organic milk ingredients and ratio of urea and protein. The study included a total of 174 Holstein cows, divided into three groups based on daily milk yield (group A, n=15, bellow 20 litters, group B, n=64, from 20 to 30 litters, group C, n=95, above 30 litters). All cows were kept under usual farm conditions and fed diets adjusted to production category and period of the year. The concentration of milk fat declined with increasing daily milk production, while the concentration of urea had opposite trend. The concentrations of lactose and protein were the highest in the group B, while groups A and C had similar values. Statistically significant differences between all tested groups were found in concentrations of milk fat (4.28±0.56 versus 3.95±0.51 and 3.62±0.47 %, respectively), urea (2.81±0.32 versus 3.03±0.52, and 3.76±0.56 mmol/l, respectively), as well as the values of the concentrations of lactose and proteins between groups B and C (4.79±0.14 versus 4.73±0.13, and 3.10±0.21 versus 3.01±0.24 %). The distribution of values for the tested parameters within charts showing the relationships between urea and protein indicates a more or less pronounced energy deficit and the deficit or relative surplus of dietary protein in most of the cattle, which adversely affects their daily milk production and health.
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