BackgroundChildhood cancer differs from most common adult cancers, suggesting a distinct aetiology for some types of childhood cancer. Our objective in this study was to test the difference in incidence rates of 4 non-CNS embryonic tumours and their correlation with socioeconomic status (SES) in Brazil.MethodsData was obtained from 13 Brazilian population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) of neuroblastoma (NB), Wilms'tumour (WT), retinoblastoma (RB), and hepatoblastoma (HB). Incidence rates by tumour type, age, and gender were calculated per one million children. Correlations between social exclusion index (SEI) as an indicator of socioeconomic status (SES) and incidence rates was investigated using the Spearman's test.ResultsWT, RB, and HB presented with the highest age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs) in 1 to 4 year old of both genders, whereas NB presented the highest AAIR in ≤11 month-olds. However, differences in the incidence rates among PBCRs were observed. Higher incidence rates were found for WT and RB, whereas lower incidence rates were observed for NB. Higher SEI was correlated with higher incidences of NB (0.731; p = 0.0117), whereas no SEI correlation was observed between incidence rates for WT, RB, and HB. In two Brazilian cities, the incidence rates of NB and RB were directly correlated with SEI; NB had the highest incidence rates (14.2, 95% CI, 8.6-19.7), and RB the lowest (3.5, 95% CI, 0.7-6.3) in Curitiba (SEI, 0.730). In Natal (SEI, 0.595), we observed just the opposite; the highest incidence rate was for RB and the lowest was for NB (4.6, 95% CI, 0.1-9.1).ConclusionRegional variations of SES and the incidence of embryonal tumours were observed, particularly incidence rates for NB and RB. Further studies are necessary to investigate risk factors for embryonic tumours in Brazil.
OBJECTIVES:Childhood cancer mortality has substantially declined worldwide as a result of significant advances in global cancer care. Because limited information is available in Brazil, we analyzed trends in childhood cancer mortality in five Brazilian regions over 29 years.METHODS:Data from children 0-14 years old were extracted from the Health Mortality Information System for 1979 through 2008. Age-adjusted mortality rates, crude mortality rates, and age-specific mortality rates by geographic region of Brazil and for the entire country were analyzed for all cancers and leukemia. Mortality trends were evaluated for all childhood cancers and leukemia using joinpoint regression.RESULTS:Mortality declined significantly for the entire period (1979-2008) for children with leukemia. Childhood cancer mortality rates declined in the South and Southeast, remained stable in the Middle West, and increased in the North and Northeast. Although the mortality rates did not unilaterally decrease in all regions, the age-adjusted mortality rates were relatively similar among the five Brazilian regions from 2006-2008.CONCLUSIONS:Childhood cancer mortality declined 1.2 to 1.6% per year in the South and Southeast regions.
Incidence rates of lymphomas in Brazil do not differ compared to rates reported worldwide, although SES differences deserve further investigation.
A variedade de produtos provenientes da indústria de óleo e gás, assim como a importância econômica e social que possuem, torna a atividade extrativista essencial para a economia brasileira. Contudo, a operação do setor gera registros recorrentes de acidentes ambientais e muitos ocasionam danos significativos aos ecossistemas e às comunidades locais. Por mais que o Brasil possua legislação ambiental robusta, percebe-se a necessidade de novas ferramentas de proteção ao meio ambiente. Considerando a problemática, o presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar um instrumento financeiro alternativo atrelado ao licenciamento ambiental: a Garantia Bancária Autônoma (GBA) em primeira solicitação. Para tal, apresenta-se primeiramente uma análise dos métodos de proteção ambiental vigentes em legislação e, em seguida, a normativa que trata da GBA na Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Itaipu - RESEX Itaipu, no município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, aplicada à operação da indústria de óleo e gás. Ao longo do trabalho percebe-se que, por mais que seja evidenciada a importância desse instrumento econômico e suas vantagens, nota-se a necessidade de maior estudo a respeito, pois há empecilhos para sua maior aplicação, tanto no que diz respeito ao seu funcionamento quanto a sua aplicação jurídica. Palavras-Chave: Meio ambiente; Garantia Bancária; Seguro; Prevenção; Danos.
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