Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on the mechanical properties of skeletal muscles after contusion Efeitos do ultra-som terapêutico nas propriedades mecânicas do músculo esquelético após contusão Matheus JPC, Oliveira FB, Gomide LB, Milani JGPO, Volpon JB, Shimano AC AbstractBackground: Therapeutic ultrasound is a resource commonly applied to speed up tissue repair in muscle injuries. The absorption of the ultrasound waves is determined by their frequency and intensity. For a given intensity, the depth reached by 1MHz is greater than the depth reached by 3MHz. Objective: To analyze the mechanical properties of muscles subjected to acute impact injury treated with therapeutic ultrasound at the frequencies of 1 and 3MHz. Methods: Forty female Wistar rats (200.1±17.8g) were used, divided into four groups: (1) control; (2) muscle injury without treatment; (3) muscle injury treated with therapeutic ultrasound at the frequency of 1MHz (0.5W/cm 2 ); and (4) muscle injury treated with therapeutic ultrasound at the frequency of 3MHz (0.5W/cm 2 ). The injury was produced in the gastrocnemius muscle by means of an impact mechanism. The treatment consisted of a single five-minute session per day, for six consecutive days. The muscles were subjected to mechanical traction tests in a universal test machine. Results: Means and standard deviations for the mechanical properties of the injured groups that received therapeutic ultrasound were significantly greater than those of the injured group without treatment (p<0.05). The property of stiffness should be highlighted: the application of therapeutic ultrasound increased muscle stiffness by approximately 38%. Conclusions: Therapeutic ultrasound increased the mechanical properties of the injured muscles, and brought them to a level close to the control group. However, no significant difference in mechanical properties was observed between the groups treated with ultrasound at the frequencies of 1MHz and 3MHz.Key words: therapeutic ultrasonic; muscle injury; biomechanical properties. ResumoContextualização: O ultra-som terapêutico (UST) é um recurso comumente aplicado na aceleração do reparo tecidual de lesões musculares.A absorção das ondas ultra-sônicas é determinada pela freqüência e pela intensidade, sendo que, em uma mesma intensidade, a profundidade atingida por 1MHz é maior quando comparada a 3MHz. Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento das propriedades mecânicas de músculos submetidos à lesão aguda por impacto e tratados com UST, utilizando as freqüências de 1 e 3MHz. Materiais e métodos:Foram utilizadas 40 ratas Wistar (200,1±17,8g), divididas em quatro grupos: (1) controle; (2) lesão muscular sem tratamento; (3) lesão muscular tratada com UST de freqüência 1MHz (0,5W/cm 2 ) e (4) lesão muscular tratada com UST de freqüência 3MHz (0,5W/cm 2 ). A lesão foi provocada no músculo gastrocnêmio por mecanismo de impacto. O tratamento foi de cinco minutos diários durante seis dias consecutivos. Os músculos foram submetidos a ensaios mecânicos de tração em uma máquina universal de ensa...

A crioterapia é amplamente utilizada por atletas profissionais e amadores no tratamento agudo de lesões musculares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades mecânicas do músculo gastrocnêmio lesionado por impacto direto e tratado com crioterapia. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 24 ratas Wistar, divididas em três grupos experimentais: grupo controle (C): animais mantidos em gaiolas-padrão por seis dias; grupo lesionado (L): animais submetidos à lesão por mecanismo de impacto no gastrocnêmio, sem tratamento e mantidos em gaiolas-padrão por seis dias; grupo lesionado e tratado com crioterapia (LC): animais submetidos à lesão, tratados com uma sessão de crioterapia, imediatamente após a lesão e mantidos em gaiolas-padrão por seis dias. Após essas etapas, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia para que fossem realizados os ensaios mecânicos de tração dos músculos gastrocnêmios direitos, na máquina universal de ensaios (EMIC ® ). A partir dos gráficos carga versus alongamento de cada ensaio, foram calculadas as seguintes propriedades mecânicas: carga no limite máximo (CLM), alongamento no limite máximo (ALM) e rigidez (R). No ALM, o grupo C apresentou diferença estatística (p < 0,05) somente quando comparado com o L. Quando analisadas carga máxima e rigidez, houve diferença estatística (p < 0,05) nos três grupos. Assim, enquanto os músculos lesionados sem tratamento apresentaram diminuição de todas as propriedades mecânicas analisadas, os tratados com crioterapia mostraram melhora das propriedades, porém, sem alcançar o grupo controle. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que a sessão de crioterapia por imersão imediata após a lesão promoveu melhora das propriedades mecânicas analisadas.Palavras-chave: lesões de tecidos moles, músculo esquelético, crioterapia, ratos. ABSTRACTCryotherapy is widespread used in the acute treatment of muscle injuries of professional and unprofessional athletes. The purpose of this study was the investigation of mechanical properties of gastrocnemius muscle submitted to a impact mechanism of injury and treated with cryoterapy. Therefore, twenty four female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (C): animals housed in standard cages for six days; Lesion (L): animals submitted to a direct impact mechanism of injury in the gastrocnemius muscle, without any treatment and kept into standard cages during six days; Lesion e cryotherapy (LC): animals submitted to the contusion, treated with a single session of cryotherapy immediately after lesion and housed in standard cages during six days. After those protocols, the rats were killed and their right gastrocnemius muscle were dissected and submitted to a mechanical test of traction in a universal assays machine (EMIC ® ). From the load versus elongation curves, the following mechanical properties were obtained: Maximum limit load (MLL), maximum limit elongation (MLE) and stiffness (St). There was a statistically difference between all groups in MLL and St. However, in the MLE there was statistically difference only between gro...

The objective of the present study was to determine to what extent, if any, swimming training applied before immobilization in a cast interferes with the rehabilitation process in rat muscles. Female Wistar rats, mean weight 260.52 ± 16.26 g, were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each: control, 6 weeks under baseline conditions; trained, swimming training for 6 weeks; trainedimmobilized, swimming training for 6 weeks and then immobilized for 1 week; trained-immobilized-rehabilitated, swimming training for 6 weeks, immobilized for 1 week and then remobilized with swimming for 2 weeks. The animals were then sacrificed and the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were dissected, frozen in liquid nitrogen and processed histochemically (H&E and mATPase). Data were analyzed statistically by the mixed effects linear model (P < 0.05). Cytoarchitectural changes such as degenerative characteristics in the immobilized group and regenerative characteristics such as centralized nucleus, fiber size variation and cell fragmentation in the groups submitted to swimming were more significant in the soleus muscle. The diameters of the lesser soleus type 1 and type 2A fibers were significantly reduced in the trained-immobilized group compared to the trained group (P < 0.001). In the tibialis anterior, there was an increase in the number of type 2B fibers and a reduction in type 2A fibers when trained-immobilized rats were compared to trained rats (P < 0.001). In trained-immobilized-rehabilitated rats, there was a reduction in type 2B fibers and an increase in type 2A fibers compared to trained-immobilized rats (P < 0.009). We concluded that swimming training did not minimize the deleterious effects of immobilization on the muscles studied and that remobilization did not favor tissue re-adaptation.

Este estudo objetiva analisar a relação da inatividade física com a depressão e/ou sintomas depressivos em estudos observacionais. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PUBMED, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e LILACS de abril a junho de 2016, utilizado os seguintes descritores: “atividade motora”, “depressão” e “idoso” de forma associada utilizado o operador booleano AND e, sem corte temporal.Em busca inicial, foram encontrados 53 artigos. Após a análise dos mesmos foram excluídos 48 artigos. Para a análise foram selecionados 5 artigos publicados nos últimos 8 anos. Considerando a associação da inatividade física e a presença de depressão todos os estudos selecionados apontaram uma associação positiva e inversa entre atividade física e os sintomas depressivos. Este estudo evidenciou que a prática de atividade física regular pode desempenhar papel de proteção contra o surgimento de problemas de saúde, sendo a depressão um deles.

Swimming training; Sedentarism (reduced size cages); Cast immobilization (pelvic limb) and water rehabilitation. Load at the limit of proportionality (LLP), maximum limit load (MLL) and stiffness (St) were the mechanical properties determined after a mechanical test of traction of the gastrocnemius. The training improved all mechanical properties when compared to sedentarism. After immobilization, LLP and MLL were reduced in TI and SI. However, there was no difference in St between C and TI. Additionally, TI showed improved MLL when compared to SI. The comparison of TI and TIR showed significant melioration in all properties after remobilization. SIR showed an improvement only in MLL when compared to SI. Significant melioration in LLP and St was observed in TIR compared to SIR. We demonstrated that the training before immobilization and rehabilitation had a positive effect on the muscle mechanical behavior compared to sedentarism. This analysis is of fundamental importance because it helps characterize the muscle tissue under different functional demands.

Brazilian reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were assessed for national and international heterogeneity. Brazilians had a lower CRF value in the Northeast region and higher in the Southeast region. International comparisons revealed higher CRF values for Norway and lower values for the United States, which reinforce the importance of using national-specific reference values.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar os resultados da antropometria e avaliação subjetiva nutricional aplicadas ao paciente oncológico. Métodos Estudo transversal com pacientes em tratamento de quimioterapia entre março e junho de 2017. Os instrumentos aplicados foram a antropometria (Índice de Massa Corporal, percentual de gordura corporal, massa muscular e edema) e a Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Próprio Paciente. Os dados foram digitados no programa Microsoft Excel®. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa SPSS® 21.0. Realizaram-se medidas de tendência central (média e desvio-padrão), frequência absoluta e percentual. As análises ocorreram por meio do Teste t e Correlação de Pearson, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Dentre os 99 participantes, 60,6% apresentaram eutrofia, segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal, 24,2% com depleção de gordura, 51,5% com depleção muscular grave ou moderada e 87,9% com edema. A categorização da Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Próprio Paciente foi de 31,3% participantes bem nutridos, 37,4% desnutridos moderadamente e 31,3% desnutridos graves. Houve incompatibilidade do diagnóstico nutricional proveniente do Índice de Massa Corporal e Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Próprio Paciente, em decorrência da alta frequência de edema nos participantes. Conclusão Os resultados apontaram que o Índice de Massa Corporal não deve ser considerado um indicador único de avaliação do paciente oncológico, necessitando-se de avaliação antropométrica completa associada à Avaliação Subjetiva Global Produzida pelo Próprio Paciente.

Introduction Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important component of health-related physical fitness, and its reduction is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and increased mortality. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) measured in the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) is the gold standard for CRF evaluation. The measured VO2 max is compared to predicted normal reference values to provide an accurate and individualized evaluation and classification. However, predicted values have gender and age differences, and data from different regions and countries can be heterogenous due to different demographic and biopsychosocial characteristics. Purpose To compare reference values of VO2 max in Brazilian and Norwegian population samples do analyze geographical CRF differences. Method Brazilian reference values for CRF were compared within each other and with Norwegian values. The included studies evaluated healthy individual with CPET and direct measurement of VO2 max on a treadmill. Mean, standard deviation and sample size were obtained from the published articles in the last decade, and and standard error of mean (SEM) were calculated. The differences on CRF between studies were analyzed using SEM and the 95% confidence interval. Results Brazilian reference values for CRF were different between each other, with lower values at Northeast region and higher values at Southeast for all age groups and both genders. Midwest region showed CRF with intermediate values between these two regions. Comparisons also revealed different values from Norway, which presented the highest CRF for all age groups and both genders (Pictures 1 and 2). Observed heterogeneity in CRF may be explained by anthropometric differences, as Northeast individuals had lower height than the other Brazilian samples, and the Norwegians were the tallest. Other demographic and biopsychosocial characteristics may also play a role. Conclusion The present study revealed differences on CRF between countries and within Brazilian population, with a negative gradient from southern to northern regions of Brazil. This finding reinforces the appropriateness of adequate use of regional and country specific reference values for VO2 max to ensure a correct CRF evaluation and classification. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.