RESUMOO carvão vegetal é um produto de grande importância na economia brasileira, fato este ligado ao seu uso como fonte de energia renovável e redutor no setor siderúrgico. Esforços vêm sendo feitos visando à melhoria do processo de produção do carvão vegetal, o qual pode ser obtido em diferentes tipos de fornos, com rendimentos e qualidade variados. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento das características referentes à planta de carbonização pertencente à Saint Gobain Ltda. situada no município de Seropédica/RJ e analisar quimicamente o carvão produzido. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário e comparados aos de outras duas empresas do mesmo segmento. A análise das amostras de carvão vegetal foi realizada em laboratório, através da análise química imediata. Os fornos utilizados na produção de carvão vegetal existentes na planta de carbonização da empresa analisada caracterizam-se como fornos de superfície com chaminé. O rendimento médio observado da conversão da madeira em carvão vegetal foi de 50%. Na comparação com outros sistemas de carbonização, a empresa analisada apresentou valores intermediários em termos de rendimento do processo e o carvão vegetal produzido foi considerado de boa qualidade, apresentando elevado teor de carbono fixo (82,70%) e baixo teor de cinza (1,30%).Palavras-chave: energias renováveis, siderurgia, madeira para energia. Case Study of a Carbonization Plant: Evaluation of Features and Quality of Charcoal Aiming Steel Use ABSTRACTCharcoal is a product of great importance in the Brazilian economy, a fact linked to its use as a renewable energy source and reducing the steel industry. Efforts have been made aiming at improving the production process of charcoal, which can be obtained in different furnace types with varying yield and quality. Taking these factors into consideration, the aim of this study was to survey the characteristics relating to the carbonization plant belonging to the Saint Gobain Ltda. company, in the city of Seropédica/Rio de Janeiro-Brazil and chemically analyze the coal produced. The data were obtained through a questionnaire and compared to the other two companies in the same industrial segment. The analysis of charcoal samples was conducted in the laboratory through chemical analysis. The furnaces used in charcoal production in existing carbonization plant analyzed company are characterized as surface furnaces with chimney. The average output of the conversion of wood charcoal was 50%. Compared to other carbonization systems, the company analyzed showed intermediate values in terms of process yield and charcoal produced is considered good quality, with high fixed carbon content (82.70%) and low ash content (1,30%).
RESUMOA análise tomográfica de impulso é um método não destrutivo que permite analisar o interior do lenho de árvores pela passagem de ondas mecânicas, tornando possível realizar uma avaliação prévia e detectar a presença de defeitos na madeira. Utilizou-se o tomógrafo de impulso ARBOTOM para analisar o lenho de árvores de Tectona grandis, localizadas em Cáceres, MT. Os resultados possibilitaram detectar a presença de zonas distintas no lenho através da variação da velocidade de ondas mecânicas indicada por variadas zonas de cores reveladas na imagem tomográfica. Possivelmente, essas diferenças de cores são atribuídas às variações da densidade e umidade da madeira.Palavras-chave: métodos não destrutivos, densidade da madeira, tomografia, Tectona grandis. Preliminary Assessment of Wood Quality of Tectona grandis L. f. by Pulse Tomography ABSTRACTImpulse tomography analysis is a non-destructive method that enables the visualization of the interior of the wood of trees through the passage of mechanical waves, making it possible to perform a preliminary examination and notice the presence of defects in the wood. ARBOTOM impulse tomography was used to analyze the wood of trees of Tectona grandis, located in Caceres, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It was possible to detect the presence of distinct zones in the wood by varying the speed of the wave mechanics indicated by different colored areas in tomography image. Possibly, these color differences are attributed to variations in wood density and moisture content.
In the present study, a total of 142 fungal strains were isolated from 180 samples of the leaf, stem and bark tissues of sacred tree Couroupita guianensis from an unusual semi-arid tropical region. The tissues of the samples were grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and the endophytic mycoflora were identified based on the morphological characteristics. Among all the strains, 130 were fertile, which belong to 11 species and 12 sterile morpho species. The relative frequency of isolated individual endophytic fungal group consists of hyphomycetes (41.5%), coelomycetes (32.4%), ascomycetes (13.4%), zygomycetes (4.2%) and sterile fungi (8.5%). Among the fungal isolates, Scytalidium acidophilum and Mycosphaerella sp. were recorded as the most dominant fungal isolates in the leaf tissues, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Colletotrichum falcatum were observed as the dominant endophytic fungal isolates in the stem tissues and Botryodiplodia theobromae was found to be predominant species in bark tissues of C. guianensis. The species of Colletotrichum were found only in stem tissues. Therefore, the endophytic mycodiversity were high and abundant and they were distinctly associated with host plant. All statistical analyses confirmed that leaf tissues contained more endophytes than the stem and bark while Colletotrichum exhibited organ specificity. The present study revealed that the sacred tree C. guianensis is one of the ecological niches for sheltering endophytic mycoflora eventhough in harsh climatic conditions.
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