-Photogrammetry is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and measurement of postural changes, but the lack of standardization of anatomical references and angular measures impairs the comparison between studies and compromises the reliability of the results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inter-and intraexaminer reliability of angular measures proposed by the SAPO posture assessment software (v. 0.68). Twenty--four subjects were photographed in the standing position according to the recommendations of the SAPO software. Three examiners (A, B and C) experienced in the use of the software analyzed the images and repeated the analysis after 7 days. Variance, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and t-test adopting a level of significance of 5% were applied. With respect to interexaminer reliability among the 20 angles measured, two were classified as unacceptable (A13: ICC = 0.623; A14: ICC = 0.568), one as acceptable (A19: ICC = 0.743), one as very good (A20: ICC = 0.860), and 16 as excellent (ICC ≥ 0.90). Evaluation of repeatability of the method by the same examiner showed that two angles measured by examiner A differed significantly between the two measurements (A11: p = 0.015; A12: p = 0.026), as did two angles measured by examiner B (A2: p = 0.019; A12: p = 0.015) and one angle measured by examiner C (A16, p = 0.011). In conclusion, comparison between different examiners showed that the angles proposed by the SAPO protocol are reliable for the measurement of body segments.

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General ized joint hypermobility (GJH) has been considered a predisposing factor for the development of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Aim:To evaluate clinical and psychosocial aspects in individuals diagnosed with TMD with or without GJH. Materials and methods:Clinical and experimental study, which enrolled 34 women, from 18 to 35 years of age with TMD diagnosed by RDC/TMD. The GJH was assessed by the Beighton score and volunteers were broken down into 2 groups: with GJH (n = 22) and without GJH (n = 12). Results:We found a high percentage of GJH (64.71%). All participants had myofascial pain; 79.41% had arthralgia and 41% had disk displacement. There was a correlation between higher GJH scores and higher passive mouth opening amplitude (p=0.0034), with pain (p=0.0029) and without pain (p=0.0081). Greater mandibular range of motion was observed in the group with GJH, except for protrusion. Painful mouth opening was statistically higher in the GJH group (p=0.0279).Conclusions: Individuals with TMD associated or not to GJH do not differ significantly regarding clinical and psychosocial aspects, except in the mandibular opening range of motion, which if kept at physiological levels can lead to a late diagnosis of TMD in these individuals. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;77(4):418-25. BJORL ORIGINAL ARTICLE

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Objetivo: avaliar a postura de respiradores predominantemente orais e comparar com achados, descritos na literatura, de escolares em geral. Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 30 escolares, respiradores orais, que foram submetidos à avaliação postural subjetiva com análise da simetria e do posicionamento das estruturas, nas vistas anterior, posterior e lateral. Os achados obtidos foram comparados aos descritos na literatura sobre a postura corporal de escolares em geral. Resultados: na vista anterior predominou a elevação do ombro direito, flexão de cotovelo e dedos. Na vista posterior, observou-se abdução e elevação das escápulas e rotação dos joelhos. E, na vista lateral, anteriorização da cabeça, protrusão e rotação interna de ombros. Na literatura revisada predominaram: semiflexão de joelhos, protrusão de ombros, hiperlordose lombar. Conclusão: o modo respiratório é essencial no equilíbrio postural de crianças em idade escolar. Algumas alterações são próprias do desenvolvimento postural normal, pois apareceram em ambos os grupos.

A DTM foi diagnosticada pelo critério de diagnóstico em pesquisa para DTM (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders). A eletromiografia dos músculos esternocleidomastoídeo (ECOM) e trapézio superior foi realizada bilateralmente, na situação de repouso, com frequência de 2 KHz e filtro passa-faixa de 10-1000 Hz. As medidas de ADM de flexão, extensão, lateroflexão e rotação foram realizadas com um flexímetro e a comparação entre os grupos contou com o teste de Mann Whitney. O teste de Spearman foi aplicado para a correlação entre as variáveis, com nível de significância de 5%. Não foi verificada nenhuma diferença na ADM cervical entre os grupos. A atividade elétrica demonstrou-se significativamente maior nos músculos ECOM direito (p=0,0130), trapézio superior direito (p=0,0334) e esquerdo (p=0,0335) no grupo DTM em relação ao grupo controle. Não houve correlação significante entre atividade elétrica e ADM cervical. A dor nos músculos cervicais apresentou-se significativamente maior apenas no músculo ECOM direito (p=0,0055). Conclui-se que os grupos estudados registraram diferença na atividade elétrica dos músculos cervicais, sendo esta maior em indivíduos com DTM. DEScRitORES: transtornos da articulação temporomandibular; eletromiografia; amplitude de movimento articular.ABStRAct: The aim of the research was to evaluate the electrical activity and pain on palpation of the cervical muscles, the cervical range of motion (ROM) and the relationship between electrical activity and ROM in individuals with and without temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Fifty three volunteers took part in the study, being 24 with TMD and 29 without, both genders, from 18 to 32 years old. The TMD was diagnosed through Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD). The electromyografhy of Sternocleidomastoideus (SCM) and upper trapezius muscles was carried out bilaterally during rest situation, with a frequency of 2 KHz and band-pass filter of 10-1000Hz. The measures of flexion, extension, lateral tilt and rotation ROM were acquired through a fleximeter and the comparison between groups was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. The Spearman test verified the correlation between the variables, with 5% of significance level. There were no differences in the cervical ROM between the groups. The electrical activity was significantly higher in the right SCM (p=0,0130), left (p=0,0335) and right (p=0,0334) trapezius muscles in the TMD group. There were no significant correlations between electrical activity and cervical ROM. Pain in the neck muscles was significantly higher only in the right SCM (p=0,0055). It is concluded that the studied groups had difference in the electrical activity of the cervical muscles, which was larger in the individuals with TMD.

The sternal muscle is an unusual variation of the muscles of the thoracic wall, present in about 2 to 8% of the population. The knowledge of this entity is crucial, as it can simulate a breast node.