El acceso a la versión del editor puede requerir la suscripción del recurso Access to the published version may require subscription AbstractRecent literature on border effect has demonstrated that national trade (intra-as well as interregional trade) tends to be more intense than international trade. Unfortunately, owing to the dearth of information on interregional economic relations, this important aspect of the economy has remained relatively ignored. In this article, the authors have described the methodology and main results of the largest estimation of Spanish interregional trade (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) carried out as a part of the C-Intereg project. The results obtained highlight the importance of the internal trade and the validity of the gravity model. Although the estimation focuses on the Spanish economy, the methodology can easily be applied to other European Union (EU) countries. In the upcoming years, this innovative database will be further developed in all its dimensions (space, time, and sectors) to serve as a promising

Abstract. This paper uses an interregional input output model to estimate the economic impact of the EU structural funds received by the Spanish regions during the period 1995-1999. We attempt to cast further light on the interregional effects that the funds have produced in terms of output, value added and employment, not just in the regions where they were originally allocated, but also in the rest of the regions. This analysis offers additional information than the one attained using macroeconomic models which do not take interregional spillovers into account. The results are relevant regarding the discussion about the effectiveness of EU cohesion policy, and the share of output effects that are captured by the richest regions through their intersectoral linkages.JEL classification: C67, R11, R15, R58

On 8 March, US President Donald Trump approved new import tariffs on "iron and steel" and "aluminium" of 25% and 10%, respectively. The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact that this decision might have on the Spanish regions. Our empirical strategy combines three powerful models to address the trade effect both over the global economy, and more specifically, in each Spanish region.First, by means of the SMART simulation model, we estimate the trade effect for 131 countries; then, we compute the intersectoral effects of such shock using the World Input-Output Database (WIOD); finally, we estimate the interregional and intersectoral effects within Spain, using an interregional input-output table. This last step combines both, the immediate product shock over the metal sector in Spain, and the global effect computed by means of the WIOD. The results obtained shows how the US tariffs might induce a total job loss of 185,000 employees worldwide, while in Spain, it may cost 3,500 jobs. KEYWORDS inter-regional input-output models, inter-regional trade, Spain, trade policy, US JEL CLASSIFICATION

With trade tensions running high, the Trump Administration is considering new tariffs on imported automobiles, and the main target would be the European Union, traditionally America's closest ally. In this paper we combine disaggregated models to estimate the impact of these tariffs worldwide, and especially on Spain. First, a trade-policy simulation model computes the potential effects worldwide. Then we plug these into the World Input-Output Database, obtaining the inter-sectoral effects of the tariffs on Europe and the rest of the world. Finally, we insert these results into the Spanish interregional Input-Output Tables, obtaining final effects for Spanish regions via their inter-sectoral relations with the European Union and the rest of the world. By our calculation, the new US auto tariffs could end up destroying 10,400 jobs in Spain alone and 567,000 jobs worldwide. Moreover, they might have unexpected consequences, affecting, Spanish regions and sectors that just indirectly depend on the automobile industry.

Donald Trump´s so called trade wars and the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to have a substantial impact on international trade flows and would probably reshape globalization. As trade is restricted by tariffs, global value chains are shortened and international cooperation becomes more difficult, there is a chance that environmental sustainability will increase due to lower and shorter trade flows. This paper tackles this issue by exploring the impact that recent American tariffs have had on the EU with a special focus in Spain. Using the SMART simulation model developed by the World Bank and the UNCTAD, we estimate the impact of the new tariffs applied to iron, steel and aluminum, the products included in the list of products affected by the Airbus dispute, as well as the potential new tariffs to the automotive sector. We end with a discussion on the effects of this new wave of protectionism on sustainability.