RESUMO -Este artigo é um estudo teórico que discute a pertinência de incorporar no escopo de um projeto de automação/ informatização dos postos de trabalho o conceito de variabilidade. Neste sentido, ressalta a contribuição da ergonomia ao processo de introdução de novas tecnologias que, além de modificar a natureza do trabalho, a produtividade afeta, muitas vezes a saúde do trabalhador. A variabilidade do trabalho, decorrente da diferença entre a prescrição e a realidade, pode ser compreendida considerando: (a) as características do trabalhador, ressaltando a noção de variabilidade inter e intra individual, e (b) a organização do trabalho, onde destaca-se a variabilidade dos equipamentos/materiais e dos procedimentos. Ao considerar as variabilidades na concepção de um projeto ou na situação de inovação tecnológica, propicia-se uma melhoria das condições de trabalho, flexibilizando e reduzindo a polarização imposta pelo trabalho prescrito, cuja referência é, geralmente, um operário médio, bem treinado, que trabalha em um posto estável. Palavras-chave: ergonomia; variabilidade; novas tecnologias Productive Restructuring and Variability in the Work: Ergonomics ApproachABSTRACT -This theoretical paper discusses de appropriateness of including the concept of variability into projects of automating work stations. It underlines the contribution of ergonomics to the process of introducing new technologies, which not only modify the nature of the work but frequently the health of the worker as well. The variability of work, a consequence of the difference between prescribed norms and reality, may be understood based on (a) the characteristics of the worker, stressing the notion of inter-and intrapersonal variability, (b) the organization of the work process, stressing the variability of equipment, materials and procedures. By taking variability into account when elaborating a project or a situation of technological innovation, it renders favourable improvement in working conditions due to flexibility and reduction of impositions of prescribed work norms, which usually are based on a 'mean' worker, well trained and working under stable conditions.Key Words: ergonomics; variability; new tecnologies ma social importante com reflexos nas questões de requalificação, saúde e produtividade. Segundo Wisner (1987), um grande número de pessoas encontra-se rejeitada pelo sistema produtivo ou situadas à sua margem em decorrência da reestruturação produtiva, que exige um novo perfil do trabalhador. Vale ressaltar que esta reestruturação nem sempre considera a variabilidade do trabalho e o trabalhador como o sujeito do processo de reestruturação produtiva. Abrahão (1996) afirma que, atualmente, com a automação nos setores secundários e terciários da economia e com a introdução da robótica, os setores produtivos começam a perceber cada vez mais, que os meios técnicos determinados pela organização do trabalho devem ser adaptados às especificidades do funcionamento humano.O impacto das inovações tecnológicas sobre o modo de produção inc...
There is a wide range of video services over complex transmission networks, and in some cases end users fail to receive an acceptable quality level. In this paper, the different factors that degrade users' quality of experience (QoE) in video streaming service that use TCP as transmission protocol are studied. In this specific service, impairment factors are: number of pauses, their duration and temporal location. In order to measure the effect that each temporal segment has in the overall video quality, subjective tests. Because current subjective test methodologies are not adequate to assess video streaming over TCP, some recommendations are provided here. At the application layer, a customized player is used to evaluate the behavior of player buffer, and consequently, the end user QoE. Video subjective test results demonstrate that there is a close correlation between application parameters and subjective scores. Based on this fact, a new metrics named VsQM is defined, which considers the importance of temporal location of pauses to assess the user QoE of video streaming service. A useful application scenario is also presented, in which the metrics proposed herein is used to improve video services 1 .
Models of work organization do not usually consider the necessary flexibility in dealing with complex and varied job situations. Within this context, strategies that sometimes cheat rules or norms are developed by employees. These strategies may produce better task results and cognitive economy for them. This study aims to discuss how work organization elements may either to make difficult or help employees under critical working conditions. That is, situations in which workers are required to respond to demands, take decisions and problem solving under time pressure. This paper is supported by empirics data from the results of the study realized in the call-center. Key wordsErgonomics, work psychodinamics, work organization, call-center. JÚLIA ISSY ABRAHÃO ResumoOs modelos de organização do trabalho, em geral, não contemplam a flexibilidade necessária para lidar com as situações variadas e complexas. Os trabalhadores, nesse contexto, desenvolvem estratégias, que muitas vezes burlam as normas, mas propiciam melhores resultados na execução da atividade e na economia psíquica dos sujeitos. Este estudo pretende ilustrar como elementos da organização do trabalho contribuem ou dificultam a execução de tarefas nas quais o trabalhador é confrontado a situações críticas, sendo solicitado durante a jornada a responder demandas, solucionar problemas e tomar decisões sob pressão temporal. O artigo é desenvolvido tendo como suporte empírico um estudo de caso realizado numa central de atendimento. Palavras-chaveErgonomia, psicodinâmica do trabalho, organização do trabalho, central de atendimento.Entre a organização do trabalho e o sofrimento: o papel de mediação da atividade
O artigo enfoca a evolução do trabalho identificando as mudanças ocorridas e como elas transformaram a sua natureza. Ele apresenta o desenvolvimento teórico das abordagens utilizadas na relação do homem com o trabalho conseqüente à introdução de inovações tecnológicas. O enfoque adotado neste texto privilegia a análise das situações de trabalho informatizadas e como elas impactam nas condições de trabalho. O referencial norteador é a Ergonomia, seus modelos de intervenção e seus limites, neste novo contexto de trabalho.
Currently, dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) standard is used to change the video resolution according to the network capacity of the end user's. However, if the video resolution changes frequently, the attention of the users can be affected decreasing their quality-of-experience (QoE). In this context, this paper proposes a no-reference video quality metric that takes three impairment factors into account, initial buffering delay, temporal interruptions or pauses, and video resolution changes during a video transmission. Also, the temporal locations of pauses and resolution changes are considered. In order to perform this task, extensive subjective tests were conducted. Experimental results show that the evaluators' QoE is highly correlated with the frequency of pauses, video resolution changes and initial delay. Based on these results a video streaming quality metric for DASH services (VsQM DASH ) is formulated and implemented on PC and mobile hand-held devices. Finally, the performance of VsQM DASH is validated with additional subjective tests reaching a person correlation coefficient of 0.99. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrated that the proposed metric has low complexity because it is based on application level parameters and its energy consumption is negligible in relation to the energy consumed by the video player; therefore, can be easily implemented in consumer electronic devices.
This article is the product of research that analyzed the work of bus drivers of a public transportation company that is considered a benchmark reference in its field of operations, in which it strives to achieve operating excellence. Within this context, the authors sought to understand how such a company has managed to maintain a policy that is capable of reconciling quality public transport while also providing working conditions compatible with the professional development, comfort and health of its workers. Ergonomic work analysis and activity analysis were the guiding elements used in this study. Initial analyses indicate that the activity of drivers includes serving a population and providing mobility for it, which depends on driving the vehicle itself and on relationships with colleagues, users, pedestrians, drivers and others.
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