Ferromagnetism in two-dimensional materials presents a promising platform for the development of ultrathin spintronic devices with advanced functionalities. Recently discovered ferromagnetic van der Waals crystals such as CrI3, readily isolated two-dimensional crystals, are highly tunable through external fields or structural modifications. However, there remains a challenge because of material instability under air exposure. Here, we report the observation of an air-stable and layer-dependent ferromagnetic (FM) van der Waals crystal, CrPS4, using magneto-optic Kerr effect microscopy. In contrast to the antiferromagnetic (AFM) bulk, the FM out-of-plane spin orientation is found in the monolayer crystal. Furthermore, alternating AFM and FM properties observed in even and odd layers suggest robust antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between layers. The observed ferromagnetism in these crystals remains resilient even after the air exposure of about a day, providing possibilities for the practical applications of van der Waals spintronics.

metal oxides. Li-ion battery cathodes are composed of lithium metal oxides with varying lithium contents (e.g., Li x CoO 2 ), which are generally synthesized by calcination. [1,2] The Ni-rich layered oxide (LiNi 1-x-y Co x Mn y O 2 , NRNCM) is one of the leading cathode materials for next-generation Li-ion batteries with high energy/ power densities for electric vehicle applications. [3][4][5][6] NRNCMs, the calcination process is the key step in enabling the lithium source to completely react with the hydroxide precursor Ni x Co y Mn z (OH) 2 , thereby yielding particles with a uniform chemical composition. The reaction of metal hydroxide with ambient oxygen and solid-state lithium sources drives a series of heterogeneous phase transitions with gas evolution upon increasing the temperature. The impurities and structural heterogeneity resulting from such solid-state synthesis deteriorate the cell capacity and the cycling stability of the NRNCM cathode. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Recently, the subtle alteration of calcination intermediate was confirmed to greatly affect the NRNCM performance. [14] While the precise control of the calcination reactions is critical for achieving an optimal battery performance, the reaction pathway heterogeneity stemming from complex mass transport and During solid-state calcination, with increasing temperature, materials undergo complex phase transitions with heterogeneous solid-state reactions and mass transport. Precise control of the calcination chemistry is therefore crucial for synthesizing state-of-the-art Ni-rich layered oxides (LiNi 1-x-y Co x Mn y O 2 , NRNCM) as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Although the battery performance depends on the chemical heterogeneity during NRNCM calcination, it has not yet been elucidated. Herein, through synchrotron-based X-ray, mass spectrometry microscopy, and structural analyses, it is revealed that the temperature-dependent reaction kinetics, the diffusivity of solid-state lithium sources, and the ambient oxygen control the local chemical compositions of the reaction intermediates within a calcined particle. Additionally, it is found that the variations in the reducing power of the transition metals (i.e., Ni, Co, and Mn) determine the local structures at the nanoscale. The investigation of the reaction mechanism via imaging analysis provides valuable information for tuning the calcination chemistry and developing high-energy/power density lithium-ion batteries.

We introduce Korean Language Understanding Evaluation (KLUE) benchmark. KLUE is a collection of 8 Korean natural language understanding (NLU)

Overcharging is expected to be one of the solutions to overcome the current energy density limitation of lithium‐ion battery cathodes, which will support the rapid growth of the battery market. However, high‐voltage charging often poses a major safety threat including fatal incendiary incidents, limiting further application. Numerous researches are dedicated to the disadvantages of the overcharging process; nonetheless, the urgent demand for addressing failure mechanisms is still unfulfilled. Herein, it is revealed that overcharging induces phase heterogeneity into layered and cobalt oxide phases, and consequent “twin‐like deformation” in lithium cobalt oxide. The interplay between the uncommon cobalt(III) oxide and the deformation is investigated by revealing the atomistic formation mechanism. Most importantly, abnormal cracking is discovered in the vicinity of the cobalt oxide where structural instability induces substantial contraction. In addition, surface degradation is widely observed in the crack boundary inside the particle. As unintentional overcharging can occur due to local imbalance in state‐of‐charge in severe operating conditions such as fast charging, the issues on overcharging should be emphasized to large extent and this study provides fundamental knowledge of overcharge by elucidating the crack development mechanism of layered cathodes, which is expected to broaden the horizon into high voltage operation.

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A shorted anode insulated gate bipolar transistor (SA-LIGBT) has a negative differential resistance (NDR) region that causes undesirable operation of the device and increases the onstate voltage drop. We propose a lateral trench gate IGBT (LTIGBT) structure that has an insulated trench collector. The insulated trench collector can be formed when the trench gate is formed. The insulated trench collector reduces the NDR region without stretching the width of the device. The proposed SA-LTIGBT has a lower snap-back voltage than conventional SA-LTIGBT. The breakdown voltage and turn-off time do not degenerate, in contrast to a conventional SA-LTIGBT. We analyzed the proposed device using two-dimensional numerical simulation.I.

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