In this work, the rheological properties of microfibrillated cellulose suspensions under stepped flow and constant shear were studied using a combination of rotational dynamic rheometer and digital imaging. During each rheological measurement, the structure of the suspension was monitored through a transparent outer cylinder with a digital camera. This enabled simultaneous analysis of the suspension floc size distribution and traditional rheological characterization. In stepped flow conditions, a good correlation between suspension floc structure and flow curve measurement was found. At constant shear, the suspension structure was dependent on the shear rate and concentration of the suspension. A low shear rate resulted in heterogeneous floc structure, which was also detected by an increase in the ratio of the viscous component to elastic component in the rheological measurement. At low concentrations and 0.5 s -1 shear rate, flow induced a formation of floc cylinders between the rotating cylinder and stationary cup surface.

Our aim was to characterise the suspension rheology of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) in relation to flocculation of the cellulose fibrils. Measurements were carried out using a rotational rheometer and a transparent cylindrical measuring system that allows combining visual information to rheological parameters. The photographs were analyzed for their floc size distribution. Conclusions were drawn by comparing the photographs and data obtained from measurements. Variables selected for examination of MFC suspensions were degree of disintegration of fibres into microfibrils, the gap between the cylinders, sodium chloride concentration, and the effects of changing shear rate during the measurement. We studied changes in floc size under different conditions and during network structure decomposition. At rest, the suspension consisted of flocs sintered together into a network. With shearing, the network separated first into chain-like floc formations and, upon further shear rate increase, into individual spherical flocs. The size of these spherical flocs was inversely proportional to the shear rate. Investigations also confirmed that floc size depends on the geometry gap, and it affects the measured shear stress. Furthermore, suspension photographs revealed an increasing tendency to aggregation and wall depletion with sodium chloride concentration of 10 -3 M and higher.

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Fouling control is one of the critical issues in membrane filtration and plays a very important role in water/wastewater treatment. Better understanding of the underlying fouling mechanisms entails novel characterization techniques that can realize a real-time noninvasive observation and provide high resolution images recording the formation of a fouling layer. This work presents a characterization method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is able to detect the internal structures and motions by analyzing the interference signals. An OCT system was incorporated with a laboratory-scale membrane filtration system, and the growth of the fouling layer was observed by using the structural imaging. Taking advantage of the Doppler effects, the OCT-based characterization also provided the velocity profiles of the fluid field, which are of great value in analyzing the formation of the cake layer. The characterization results clearly reveal for the first time the evolution of the morphology of the cake layer under different microhydrodynamic environments. This study demonstrates that OCT-based characterization is a powerful tool for investigating the dynamic processes during membrane fouling.

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Fiber suspensions, such as microfibrillated cellulose, are a challenge for conventional rheometers to measure. This is because rheometers have small flow channel dimensions that can restrict flocculation. Often, questionable assumptions are also made about the fluid behavior in the gap. A pipe rheometer and ultrasound velocity profiling-pressure difference (UVP-PD) concept can be used, by which the real flow behavior is used for the rheological analysis of the bulk properties of the suspension. Unfortunately, the resolution of UVP is too low for studying near-wall phenomena, such as the lubrication layer, that are often very important for understanding the rheology and to upscale the results to industrial flows. To address this problem, we have widened the UVP-PD concept with optical coherence tomography measurements. This enables us to measure the bulk and wall-layer behavior simultaneously. Our results demonstrate the benefits of having direct, detailed measurement of the velocity profile inside the rheometer.

Flow properties of complex fluids such as colloidal suspensions, polymer solutions, fiber suspensions and blood have a vital function in many technological applications and biological systems. Yet, the basic knowledge on their properties is inadequate for many practical purposes. One important reason for this has been the lack of effective experimental methods that would allow detailed study of the flow behavior of especially opaque multi-phase fluids. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an emerging technique capable of simultaneous measurement of the internal structure and motion of most opaque materials, with resolution in the micrometer scale and measurement frequency up to 100 kHz. This mini-review will examine the recent results on the use of Doppler-OCT in the context of flows and rheological properties of complex fluids outside biomedical field.