Family farming is very important because it is, among other types, the principal source of food and employment, especially in developing countries. Given the constant changes in the agrarian structure and environment, what are the prospects of family farming under current conditions in South America? To answer this question, we have chosen three countries from this continent: Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. Based on a literature review of case studies in each country, a comparative analysis of the following topics was carried out: purpose of family farming, production unit, and agricultural production, integration with the market, income, and food security. Many similarities were found in the studied countries, which allow for some generalizations in certain aspects related to the studied cases. Family farming is largely moving to the rhythm of the markets. Its transition from a condition of subsistence to commercial status depends mainly on the availability of sufficient resources for production: mainly land, labor, and financial capital. The scarcity of these resources is forcing farming families to seek other sources of income or to migrate. The monetization of farming is increasing.
INTRODUCCIÓNEl informe del Ministerio de Educación de Chile, señala que un 44% de los estudiantes chilenos de octavo año básico (13 años), se encuentra con sobrepeso u obesidad y muy bajos niveles de rendimiento físico (1). La asociación entre ambas variables ha sido ampliamente estudiada, demostrando los efectos negativos de la obesidad infantil (2, 3), además existen componentes psicosociales que afectan el desarrollo personal de los niños.La obesidad produce problemas derivados de la falta de aceptación social y baja autoestima, observándose cada vez en edades más tempranas. En una sociedad en que el cuerpo es un referente de identidad personal y ante la presión social, aparecen cada vez con mayor frecuencia los trastornos asociados a la imagen corporal, generando una preocupación obsesiva por la figura y distorsión de la auto imagen (4). Chil Nutr Vol. 44, Nº1, 2017 En los niños, el sobrepeso genera una baja autoestima, por lo cual su imagen corporal es negativa y el rendimiento académico e interacción social se ven afectados por los sín-tomas depresivos y ansiosos (5). Factores como el rechazo de los compañeros, las burlas relacionadas con el peso, y las normas sociales internalizadas, juegan un papel importante en la disminución de la autoestima de un niño obeso, afectando numerosos aspectos de la salud y el comportamiento, incluyendo el ajuste social, el compromiso de actividad, la dirección objetivo y la presencia de ansiedad (6).
RevEn niños y jóvenes, la actividad física (AF) tiene el potencial de actuar positivamente en aspectos sicológicos y sociales como la autoestima, influir beneficiosamente en la función cerebral y cognición (7). Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios en el sistema escolar, que comparen los beneficios de la práctica de actividad física con distintas frecuencias a
Cacao has high social importance in Colombia but requires cultivation techniques that improve its productivity, especially in the production of organic cacao. Pruning and organic fertilizers were assessed as treatments to increase the bean yield in an old cacao crop in Cundinamarca. The positive effects of organic fertilizer application and pruning on the pod morphometry and bean yield were established. The application of organic fertilizers with pruning, in general, increased the length and circumference of cacao pods. A negative correlation (R=-0.618) was found among the relative chlorophyll contents in leaves at the end of the harvest period and with the number of pods per tree. A positive correlation (R=0.748) was obtained between the fresh weight of pods and the dry weight of beans. No correlation was established between the relative chlorophyll contents in leaves and the bean dry weight. Pruning plus organic fertilization increased the total dry weight of beans per tree at almost 15 %, which makes pruning with organic fertilizer application the best tool for increasing yield in organic cacao production in old plantations in Cundinamarca.
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