Germin-like proteins (GLPs) are involved in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in different plant species. Rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) genome contains about 40 GLP family member proteins in nine chromosomes. Although some of the rice
GLP
(
OsGLP
) promoters have been studied through
in silico
analysis as well as experimentally, studies regarding the distribution pattern of the biotic and abiotic stress associated transcription factor binding sites (TFbs) in the promoter regions of
OsGLP
genes have not been attempted thoroughly. Several transcription factors (TFs) namely NAC, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB and AP2/ERF act as major TFs concerned with biotic as well as abiotic stress responses across various plant species. In the present study the
in silico
analysis was carried out using the 1.5 kilobases (kb) promoter regions from 40 different
OsGLP
genes for the presence of NAC, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB and AP2/ERF TFbs in it. Among various
OsGLP
gene promoters,
OsGLP8-11
was found to contain highest number of tested TFbs in the promoter region whereas the promoter region of
OsGLP5-1
depicted least amount of TFbs. Phylogenetic study of promoter regions of different
OsGLP
genes revealed four different clades. Our analyses could reveal the evolutionary significance of different
OsGLP
gene promoters. It can be presumed from the present findings as well as previous reports that
OsGLP
gene duplications and subsequent variations in the TFbs in
OsGLP
gene promoter regions might be the consequences of neofunctionalization of
OsGLP
genes and their promoters for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice.
Germin-like proteins (GLPs) are evolutionary conserved ubiquitous plant glycoproteins belonging to the cupin superfamily. A large number of GLP family members have been identified from different higher and lower plant species, and those have been classified into different subfamilies. Although three histidine residues (H) and one glutamate residue (E) in germin box B and C were conserved among all the GLP subfamily members, how the sequences of one subfamily member differ from the other is unclear. Progress in the field of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics has made it possible to understand the variation at gene level among different GLP members from diverse genera and also their biological significances. GLPs from different plant species were found to have various enzymatic properties including oxalate oxidase (OxO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ADP glucose pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (AGPPase), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. 'Omics' study demonstrated the expression as well as involvement of GLP family members in almost every part of higher plants as well as in lower plants. Additionally, GLPs from different species were reported to be involved in biotic as well as abiotic stresses and also in the growth and development. This review describes the present research status of GLPs from different plant species, their expressions, and functional significances. Sequence variation was detected among GLP subfamily members at the amino acid level, and based on the sequence variation and phylogenetic analyses, two new GLP subfamilies have been proposed in this review.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.