Germin-like proteins (GLPs) are involved in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in different plant species. Rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) genome contains about 40 GLP family member proteins in nine chromosomes. Although some of the rice
GLP
(
OsGLP
) promoters have been studied through
in silico
analysis as well as experimentally, studies regarding the distribution pattern of the biotic and abiotic stress associated transcription factor binding sites (TFbs) in the promoter regions of
OsGLP
genes have not been attempted thoroughly. Several transcription factors (TFs) namely NAC, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB and AP2/ERF act as major TFs concerned with biotic as well as abiotic stress responses across various plant species. In the present study the
in silico
analysis was carried out using the 1.5 kilobases (kb) promoter regions from 40 different
OsGLP
genes for the presence of NAC, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB and AP2/ERF TFbs in it. Among various
OsGLP
gene promoters,
OsGLP8-11
was found to contain highest number of tested TFbs in the promoter region whereas the promoter region of
OsGLP5-1
depicted least amount of TFbs. Phylogenetic study of promoter regions of different
OsGLP
genes revealed four different clades. Our analyses could reveal the evolutionary significance of different
OsGLP
gene promoters. It can be presumed from the present findings as well as previous reports that
OsGLP
gene duplications and subsequent variations in the TFbs in
OsGLP
gene promoter regions might be the consequences of neofunctionalization of
OsGLP
genes and their promoters for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in rice.
The plant rhizosphere interfaces an array of microbiomes related to plant growth and development. Cultivar-specific soil microbial communities with respect to their taxonomic structure and specific function have not been investigated explicitly in improving the adaptation of lentil cultivars under rice-fallow ecology. The present study was carried out to decipher the rhizosphere microbiome assembly of two lentil cultivars under rice-fallow ecology for discerning the diversity of microbial communities and for predicting the function of microbiome genes related to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling processes deploying high-throughput whole (meta) genome sequencing. The metagenome profile of two cultivars detected variable microbiome composition with discrete metabolic activity. Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Thaumarchaeota were abundant phyla in the “Farmer-2” rhizosphere, whereas Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, and some incompletely described procaryotes of the “Candidatus” category were found to be robustly enriched the rhizosphere of “Moitree”. Functional prediction profiles of the microbial metagenomes between two cultivars revealed mostly house keeping genes with general metabolism. Additionally, the rhizosphere of “Moitree” had a high abundance of genes related to denitrification processes. Significant difference was observed regarding P cycling genes between the cultivars. “Moitree” with a profuse root system exhibited better N fixation and translocation ability due to a good “foraging strategy” for improving acquisition of native P under the nutrient depleted rice-fallow ecology. However, “Farmer-2” revealed a better “mining strategy” for enhancing P solubilization and further transportation to sinks. This study warrants comprehensive research for explaining the role of microbiome diversity and cultivar–microbe interactions towards stimulating microbiome-derived soil reactions regarding nutrient availability under rice-fallow ecology.
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