RESUMO A physalis (Physalis peruvianaLA physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) é uma frutífera, pertencente à família Solanaceae, muito difundida no mercado internacional, principalmente por seu sabor e suas características medicinais, tornando-a atrativa para o mercado e comercialização. O seu consumo ainda é restrito, devido ao alto valor agregado, em decorrência da produção limitada, do manejo da colheita, da exigência em mão de obra, dos cuidados no transporte e do armazenamento. Os frutos apresentam sabor açucarado, bons conteúdos de vitamina A e C, ferro e fósforo, fl avonoides, alcaloides e fi toesteroides (TOMASSINI et al., 2000), e as características físico-químicas relacionadas ao sabor, odor, textura e valor nutritivo constituem atributos de qualidade à comercialização e utilização da polpa na elaboração de produtos industrializados.A physalis trata-se de uma excelente alternativa de renda para o pequeno e médio produtor rural brasileiro, sendo atualmente cultivada em solo. Porém, IANCKIEVICZ et al. (2013) relatam que o cultivo sucessivo em solo provoca a ocorrência de

Garlic is a health promoter that has important bioactive compounds. The bioactive extraction is an important step in the analysis of constituents present in plant preparations. The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction with the best proportion of solvents to obtain total phenolic compounds (TPC) and thiosulfinates (TS) from dried garlic powder, and evaluate the antioxidant activities of the optimized extracts. A statistical mixture simplex axial design was used to evaluate the effect of solvents (water, ethanol, and acetone), as well as mixtures of these solvents, after two ultrasound extraction cycles of 15 min. Results showed that solvent mixtures with a high portion of water and pure water were efficient for TPC and TS recovery through this extraction procedure. According to the regression model computed, the most significant solvent mixtures to obtain high TPC and TS recovery from dried garlic powder are, respectively, the binary mixture with 75% water and 25% acetone and pure water. These optimized extracts presented oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Pure water was better for total antioxidant capacity, and the binary mixture of water–acetone (75:25) was better for DPPH scavenging activity. These optimized extracts can be used for industrial and research applications.

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ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of seedlings of Physalis L. species under different-colored shade nets. Four shade nets individually stained white, blue, red and black, all with 50% shading, were used in this study, and an additional treatment (control) was used in which seedlings were grown in full sun. The study examined four species of Physalis, namely, P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima and P. ixocarpa. The experiment followed a randomized block design with three blocks and 25 seeds per plot. The species were sown in styrofoam trays. Germination was monitored daily to calculate the Emergency Velocity Index (EVI) and stabilize the overall percentage of emergence. Height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area index and dry mass of seedlings were assessed at 50 days after sowing. The study found that these species react differently to changes in the light spectrum. Seedlings of P. peruviana should be grown under a white or red shade net; of P. pubescens under a white or black shade net; of P. minima under a white, red or black shade net; and of P. ixocarpa under a white shade net. For all species, 50% shade should be used.Keywords: Physalis L., sexual propagation, seedling morphology, light spectrum. Produção de mudas de espécies de Physalis cultivadas sob diferentes colorações de telas fotoconversorasRESUMO. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produção de mudas de espécies pertencentes ao gênero Physalis L. sob telas fotoconversoras de diferentes colorações. Foram utilizadas quatro telas fotoconversoras, nas colorações branca, azul, vermelha e preta, todas com 50% de sombreamento, além de um tratamento a pleno sol (controle), e quatro espécies de Physalis: P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima e P. ixocarpa. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso contendo três blocos com 25 sementes em cada tratamento por parcela experimental. As espécies foram semeadas em bandejas de isopor. Acompanhou-se a germinação diariamente, para cálculo do Índice de velocidade de germinação (IVE) e ao estabilizar, calculou-se a porcentagem total de emergência. Aos 50 dias avaliou-se, altura, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, índice de área foliar e massa seca das mudas. Concluiu-se que as espécies estudadas reagem de forma diferente à modificação do espectro luminoso. Mudas de P. peruviana devem ser formadas sob telado branco ou vermelho, de P. pubescens sob telado branco ou preto, de P. minima em telado branco, vermelho ou preto e de P. ixocarpa sob telado branco, com 50% de sombreamento.Palavras-chave: Physalis L., propagação sexuada, morfologia de mudas, espectro luminoso.

Salt stress is one of several major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and development, and there are many evidences that silicon can ameliorate the injuries caused by high salinity. This study presents the results of an assay concerning: (1) the effect of in vitro NaCl-induced salt stress in cape gooseberry plants and (2) the possible mitigating effect of silicon in saline conditions. For that, nodal segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under salinity (0.5 and 1.0% NaCl) with different silicic acid concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0g L-1). Phytotechnical characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, and leaf anatomy were evaluated after 30 days. Shoot length, root length, number of leaves and buds, fresh and dry weight, pigment content, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness were drastically reduced by increased salt level. The supply of silicon (1.0g L-1) has successfully mitigated the effect of salinity at 0.5% NaCl for chlorophyll, carotenoids, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness. When salt stress was about 1.0%, Si was not effective anymore. In conclusion, we affirmed that, in in vitro conditions, salt stress is harmful for cape gooseberry plants and the addition of silicon showed effective in mitigating the saline effects of some features.

Research on anatomical modifications under m fitro culture is essential to the definition and understanding ofthe development of micropropagated plants. Likewise, such research is essential to improve the steps ofthe acclimatization process. Accordingly, the objective ofthe present study is to verify the differences in the leaves anatomical traits of micropropagated orchids under calcium silicate concentrations. Seedlings of in i/iiro-germinated seeds, measuring 0.5 cm in length, were inoculated in 250 cm' pots with 60 mL MS culture medium and different silicon concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L"') in different culture environments (natural environment, in a greenliouse and an artificial environment in a growth chamber) and in all statistical combinations. The pH ofthe culture medium was fixed at 5.8 ±0.1 and gelified with 5.5 g L'' of agar before autoclaving at 121°C and 1 atm for 20 min. After 150 days, an anatomical analysis was performed on crosssections of the plant leaves. A complete randomized design was used. Modifications occurred on the plants of those treatments containing silicon compared to those without silicon, and between environment fo artificial and natural light. Plants showed larger growth at the artificial light treatment with 0.5 and 2.0 mg L"' of calcium silicate respectively for the native and hybrid plants Treatments without silicate application induced chlorenchyma and epidermis deformation compared to silicon containing treatments, this effect can affect directly or indirectly plant growth at no silicon conditions. Keywords: microscopy, Orchidaceac, in vitro culture, calcium silicate.Anatomía foliar de orquídea mícropropagada com diferentes concentraçôes de silicio RESUMO. A realizaçâo de pesquisas a respeito das modificaçôes anatómicas decorrentes do cultivo in vitro sâo fundamentáis para o melhor entendimento e elucidaçlo do desenvolvimento das plantas micropropagadas. Dessa forma, tal pesquisa é essencial para melhorar as etapas do processo de aclimatizaçâo. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar diferenças nas características anatómicas em folhas de orquídeas micropropagadas sob concentraçôes de silicato de calcio. Plántulas oriundas de sementes gemiinadas in vitro com aproximadamente 0,5 cm de comprimento foram inoculadas em frascos com capacidade para 250 cm^ contendo 60 mL de meio de cultura MS, acrescido de silicato de calcio (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg L"') em ambientes de cultivo (natural, em casa de vegetaçâo e artificial e, cm sala de crescimento), em todas as combinaçôes possiveis. O meio de cultura teve seu pH ajustado para 5,8 ± 0,1 e geleificado com 5,5 g L"' de ágar, previamente ao processo de autoclavagem (121°C) por 20 minutos. Após 150 dias de cultivo, as follias das plantas foram submetidas à avaliaçao anatómica por meio de secçoes transversais. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Ocorreram modificaçôes nos tratamentos contendo silicio em comparaçâo com aqueles isentos de silicio, e entre os ambientes de luz artificial e natur...

observed that P. peruviana and P. pubescens have more acid fruits, and P. minima shows vitamin C content higher than the other species. In general, fruits of P. peruviana and P. pubescens have better quality when grown in white, blue or black shade net; fruits of P. minima are physicochemically superior when produced under full sun or under white or blue shade net; finally, fruits of P. ixocarpa have low quality when produced under black net.

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