Categorical models of emotions posit neurally and physiologically distinct human basic emotions. We tested this assumption by using multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to classify brain activity patterns of 6 basic emotions (disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, anger, and surprise) in 3 experiments. Emotions were induced with short movies or mental imagery during functional magnetic resonance imaging. MVPA accurately classified emotions induced by both methods, and the classification generalized from one induction condition to another and across individuals. Brain regions contributing most to the classification accuracy included medial and inferior lateral prefrontal cortices, frontal pole, precentral and postcentral gyri, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex. Thus, specific neural signatures across these regions hold representations of different emotional states in multimodal fashion, independently of how the emotions are induced. Similarity of subjective experiences between emotions was associated with similarity of neural patterns for the same emotions, suggesting a direct link between activity in these brain regions and the subjective emotional experience.

The differential evolution algorithm is a floating-point encoded evolutionary algorithm for global optimization over continuous spaces. The algorithm has so far used empirically chosen values for its search parameters that are kept fixed through an optimization process. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new version of the Differential Evolution algorithm with adaptive control parameters -the fuzzy adaptive differential evolution algorithm, which uses fuzzy logic controllers to adapt the search parameters for the mutation operation and crossover operation. The control inputs incorporate the relative objective function values and individuals of the successive generations. The emphasis of this paper is analysis of the dynamics and behavior of the algorithm. Experimental results, provided by the proposed algorithm for a set of standard test functions, outperformed those of the standard differential evolution algorithm for optimization problems with higher dimensionality.

A developed version of Generalized Differential Evolution, GDE3, is proposed. GDE3 is an extension of Differential Evolution (DE) for global optimization with an arbitrary number of objectives and constraints. In the case of a problem with a single objective and without constraints GDE3 falls back to the original DE. GDE3 improves earlier GDE versions in the case of multiobjective problems by giving a better distributed solution. Performance of GDE3 is demonstrated with a set of test problems and the results are compared with other methods.

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In this work, we discuss practical methods for the assessment, comparison, and selection of complex hierarchical Bayesian models. A natural way to assess the goodness of the model is to estimate its future predictive capability by estimating expected utilities. Instead of just making a point estimate, it is important to obtain the distribution of the expected utility estimate because it describes the uncertainty in the estimate. The distributions of the expected utility estimates can also be used to compare models, for example, by computing the probability of one model having a better expected utility than some other model. We propose an approach using cross-validation predictive densities to obtain expected utility estimates and Bayesian bootstrap to obtain samples from their distributions. We also discuss the probabilistic assumptions made and properties of two practical cross-validation methods, importance sampling and k-fold cross-validation. As illustrative examples, we use multilayer perceptron neural networks and gaussian processes with Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling in one toy problem and two challenging real-world problems.

ABSTRACT:Following the pioneering work introduced in [Lehtola et al., ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 99, 2015, pp. 25-29], we extend the state-of-the-art intrinsic localization solution for a single two-dimensional (2D) laser scanner from one into (quasi) three dimensions (3D). By intrinsic localization, we mean that no external sensors are used to localize the scanner, such as inertial measurement devices (IMU) or global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Specifically, the proposed method builds on a novel concept of local support-based filtering of outliers, which enables the use of six degrees-of-freedom (DoF) simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for the purpose of enacting appropriate trajectory corrections into the previous one-dimensional solution. Moreover, the local support-based filtering concept is platform independent, and is therefore likely to be widely generalizable. The here presented overall method is yet limited into quasi-3D by its inability to recover trajectories with steep curvature, but in the future, it may be further extended into full 3D.