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In this study, we analyzed the antimicrobial activity of extracts harvested from 17 endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Schinus terebinthifolius. Morphological and molecular analyses indicated that these fungal species belonged to the genera Alternaria, Bjerkandera, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Penicillium, and Xylaria. Of the endophytes analyzed, 64.7 % produced antimicrobial compounds under at least one of the fermentation conditions tested. Nine isolates produced compounds that inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus, four produced compounds that inhibited Candida albicans, and two that inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fermentation conditions of the following endophytes were optimized: Alternaria sp. Sect. Alternata-LGMF626, Xylaria sp.-LGMF673, and Bjerkandera sp.-LGMF713. Specifically, the carbon and nitrogen sources, initial pH, temperature, and length of incubation were varied. In general, production of antimicrobial compounds was greatest when galactose was used as a carbon source, and acidification of the growth medium enhanced the production of compounds that inhibited C. albicans. Upon large-scale fermentation, Alternaria sp. Sect. Alternata-LGMF626 produced an extract containing two fractions that were active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. One of the extracts exhibited high activity (minimum inhibitory concentration of 18.52 µg/mL), and the other exhibited moderate activity (minimum inhibitory concentration of 55.55 µg/mL). The compounds E-2-hexyl-cinnamaldehyde and two compounds of the pyrrolopyrazine alkaloids class were identified in the active fractions by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

-Persimmon anthracnose has been a great concern to Brazilian producers. this study aimed to identify and characterized the causal species from Brazilian persimmons by assessing morphological and molecular characteristics and pathogenicity tests. Five fungal isolates obtained from diseased twigs and fruits were identified as Colletotrichum horii, based on morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequences of itS region. inoculation tests revealed that the fungal isolates caused necrotic spots followed by defoliation of leaves, blight of twigs and buds of potted persimmon plants. Index terms: anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diospyros, Koch's postulate. QUEIMA DOS RAMOS E DESFOLHA CAUSADA POR Colletotrichum horii EM CAQUIZEIRO NO BRASILRESUMO-antracnose do caqui tem sido uma grande preocupação para os produtores brasileiros. o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e caracterizar as espécies causadoras de antracnose avaliando as características morfológicas, moleculares e testes de patogenicidade. cinco isolados, obtidos a partir de ramos e frutas doentes, foram identificados como Colletotrichum horii com base nas características morfológicas e sequências de nucleotídeos da região ITS. Inoculações revelaram que os isolados causaram manchas necróticas seguido de desfolha, queima de ramos e gemas em plantas de caqui cultivadas em vaso.

Thirteen endophytic fungal strains of the genus Pestalotiopsis were isolated from the medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss (commonly known as "espinheira santa") and their antimicrobial properties were investigated. Two isolates were successful in inhibiting the growth of the tested microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) using the technique of bioautographic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) agar overlay assay. An analysis based on a polyphasic approach integrating taxonomic information, morphological traits, RAPD markers, and the sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of the rDNA led to the assignment of the isolates as belonging to the species Pestalotiopsis microspora, Pestalotiopsis vismiae, and Pestalotiopsis leucothoes. Therefore, the present study presents a new approach to the study of endophytic fungi of the genus Pestalotiopsis.

The Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR) are important apple diseases in Brazil, caused by species of Colletotrichum, which are usually related with quiescent infection. This study aimed to detect quiescent infections of Colletotrichum spp. in flowers and in unripe fruits from apple commercial orchard cultivars Eva and Gala. The pathogen was observed in various structures of the flower in both cultivars. In unripe fruits, the pathogen was recovered only from 'Eva'. Five isolates were obtained and were inoculated by mycelial (with and without wound) on ripe apple fruits and by conidia suspension (without wound) on ripe apple fruits and leaves of 'Gala'. On inoculated fruits by mycelial, the isolates induced symptoms of BR, and on inoculated fruits by conidia without wound the isolates induced symptoms of GLS. On inoculated leaves, isolates induced symptoms of GLS. The isolates were characterized by cultural, morphological and pathogenic aspects. Detection of Colletotrichum spp. in asymptomatic apple flowers is epidemiologically important, since the flowers can be a route for infection in unripe fruits. This is the first investigation of quiescent infection of this pathogen on apple flowers.

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Several diseases can be associated with figs but recently a fruit rot was observed in green fruit. The purpose of this study was to determine the pathogenicity of

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