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In the present meta-analysis, the authors examined how several confounding moderator variables may relate to the advantage of evidence-based psychological treatments (EBTs) over usual care (UC) in the treatment of youths, including the extent to which each therapy was bona fide, supervision provided to therapists, therapist caseload, whether EBT was provided by research therapists, and whether specialized training was provided for EBT therapists. When comparing EBT with bona fide UC while controlling for each confound individually, the advantage for EBT was small and nearly always statistically nonsignificant. Additionally, an increasing total number of confounds favoring EBT was significantly predictive of a greater effect size advantage for EBT. The superior efficacy of EBTs for youths may be an artifact of confounded research designs.

Two scales of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale are frequently used in antidepressant trials. No research has systematically addressed how CGI change compares to change on established measures such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, or Beck Depression Inventory. The current meta-analysis examined 75 antidepressant trials in which the CGI was used along with at least one other popular depression measure. The CGI-Severity scale was significantly more conservative than the HAM-D in rating change in double-blind trials, but not in open trials. The Beck Depression Inventory was significantly more conservative than the CGI-Severity. The CGI-Improvement scale was significantly more liberal than the HAM-D or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Rater bias or scale content may explain differences between measures. Given the often substantial differences between instruments, researchers should use a variety of measures rather than relying on any single tool in assessing treatment response.

Decision making, integral to everyday behavior, is the subject of thousands of studies each year. Its long history has led to the emergence of several competing models in the cognitive literature. Meanwhile, behaviorist analysts have carefully studied the mechanisms underlying choice behavior, including the value of reinforcement. Criteria for comparing and contrasting competing models of decision making are generated. Cognitive and behavioral perspectives are analyzed and integrated by emphasizing their commonalities in understanding behavior. The benefits of integrating models of decision making for understanding behavioral development are weighed against the challenges of such as endeavor.

To investigate potential age-related differences in performance gains (compensation, optimization) and losses (failure to actualize potential) of collaboration with a familiar partner, we compared pairs of older (N= 75; 69% women) and younger (N = 75; 52% women) age homogeneous same-gender friends who interacted or worked alone to generate strategies for solving interpersonal and instrumental problems. Two indexes of strategy fluency (total and unique number of strategies) and two indexes of strategy type (content of strategy repertoires, strategy selected as most effective by older and younger adults) were examined. Strategies generated by interacting pairs were compared to nominal pair scores. Nominal pair scores indexed dyadic potential and were created by pooling the performance of two individuals who worked alone. Age differences in strategy fluency and type were largely similar to prior research based on individual problem solvers. Interacting pairs produced fewer strategies than nominal pairs but there were no differences in strategy type. For interpersonal problems, older adults were relatively more likely to actualize their dyadic potential. Keywordscollaborative cognition; nominal pairs; everyday problem solving; friends; aging Early research on "collaborative cognition" or "interactive minds" suggested older adults benefit more from working with a partner than do younger adults (Dixon, 1992;Staudinger & Baltes, 1996) Subsequent research addressed whether collaboration serves a compensatory function by allowing older adults to offset age-related cognitive declines (Dixon & Gould, 1998;Strough & Margrett, 2002). Some investigations of compensatory collaboration compared spouses to strangers. Older heterosexual spouses usually (but not always) outperform strangers on memory tasks (Johannson, Andersson, & Rönnberg, 2000; cf., Gould, Osborn, Krein, & Mortenson, 2002). Other investigations of compensatory collaboration compared memory performance in younger spouses to older spouses (e.g., Dixon & Gould, 1998). The focus on spouses and memory performance limits the generalizability of research on collaborative cognition. A spouse may not be available due to divorce, death, marital discord or because the person never married. Research with young adults indicates collaboration between friends on memory tasks can be beneficial (Andersson & Rönnberg, 1996, 1997.Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to JoNell Strough, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506−6040. Email may be sent to JoNell.Strough@mail.wvu.edu.. Jennifer Flinn is now at Frostburg State University, Department of Psychology. Kelly Schuller is now at the College of Charleston, Department of Psychology. Publisher's Disclaimer:The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Associa...

We tested psychometric properties of the Markers of Adulthood (MoA) importance scale and a revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-8) in a large, diverse multisite and multinational sample the Emerging Adulthood Measured at Multiple Institutions 2 project. We used multilevel confirmatory factor analyses and multilevel alphas to examine external validity and internal consistency of the scales. We also performed correlational and exploratory multilevel analyses to determine the extent to which emerging adulthood dimensions overlap across scales. The IDEA-8 subscales demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Our research suggests that recent approaches to combine the MoA markers provide four modestly reliable factors, but perceptions of adulthood varied considerably as a function of sample. We recommend that the structure of these marker items be examined for any given sample, since their relative importance seems to vary, not just across time but also sample location.

Hundreds of partially unique decision-making models, primarily differing by context, currently coexist in the decision-making literature. Yet we have 1 brain that makes decisions in all these contexts. The study of decision making needs integrative metatheory to advance and test the research questions of tomorrow. Existing descriptive, behavioral, information processing, dual process, fuzzy trace, and motivational and contextual models are examined to find commonalities that may inform future attempts at building a holistic, dynamic, integrative metatheoretical model of everyday decision making. Features of such a future metamodel are described and related to the study of behavioral development, such as the value of reinforcement as a mechanism of change.