Directions toward a meta-process model of decision making: Cognitive and behavioral models of change.

Abstract

Hundreds of partially unique decision-making models, primarily differing by context, currently coexist in the decision-making literature. Yet we have 1 brain that makes decisions in all these contexts. The study of decision making needs integrative metatheory to advance and test the research questions of tomorrow. Existing descriptive, behavioral, information processing, dual process, fuzzy trace, and motivational and contextual models are examined to find commonalities that may inform future attempts at building a holistic, dynamic, integrative metatheoretical model of everyday decision making. Features of such a future metamodel are described and related to the study of behavioral development, such as the value of reinforcement as a mechanism of change.

The theoretical framework of factors influencing the pedagogical decision-making

“…The origins of the decision-making are based on psychology and economics (Johansen & O'brien, 2015;Kable & Glimcher, 2008). The economic approach offered the rationality models of choice and information processing theories (McFall, 2015;Galotti, 2002, Huitt, 1992. In other words, rationality models of choice (bounded rationality and procedural rationality), claim that humans use logical decision rules to maximize outcomes of scarce resources (McFall, 2015).…”

“…The economic approach offered the rationality models of choice and information processing theories (McFall, 2015;Galotti, 2002, Huitt, 1992. In other words, rationality models of choice (bounded rationality and procedural rationality), claim that humans use logical decision rules to maximize outcomes of scarce resources (McFall, 2015). Whereas bounded rationality approach highlights that humans have limited cognitive resources (McFall, 2015), procedural rationality approach refers to careful decision structuring by creating a list of options and considers the criteria to be used in evaluating and re-evaluating of those options (Galotti, 2002).…”

“…In other words, rationality models of choice (bounded rationality and procedural rationality), claim that humans use logical decision rules to maximize outcomes of scarce resources (McFall, 2015). Whereas bounded rationality approach highlights that humans have limited cognitive resources (McFall, 2015), procedural rationality approach refers to careful decision structuring by creating a list of options and considers the criteria to be used in evaluating and re-evaluating of those options (Galotti, 2002). Bounded rationality models specify six common steps (antecedent conditions, recognizing the opportunity to make a decision, judgment and interpretation of the problem, surveying alternatives, action, and reflection) (McFall, 2015), procedural rationality -five steps (setting goals, gathering information, decision structuring, making a final choice, and evaluating) (Galotti, 2002).…”

“…Bounded rationality models specify six common steps (antecedent conditions, recognizing the opportunity to make a decision, judgment and interpretation of the problem, surveying alternatives, action, and reflection) (McFall, 2015), procedural rationality -five steps (setting goals, gathering information, decision structuring, making a final choice, and evaluating) (Galotti, 2002). Information processing theories present three continuous processes (inputs, processing, and outputs) that allow human experience compared to the metaphor of a computer (McFall, 2015), and indicates that decision making includes at least four phases (an input phase, a processing phase, an output phase, and a review phase) (Huitt, 1992). These classic economic models seek to explain not the process by which those choices are generated, but an individual's evident choices, and could be called "as if" models (Kable & Glimcher, 2008).…”

“…These classic economic models seek to explain not the process by which those choices are generated, but an individual's evident choices, and could be called "as if" models (Kable & Glimcher, 2008). However, there are attempts to create and develop a more holistic meta-model, including bounded rationality, information processing, and fuzzy-trace theories of decision-making which aim both explain the process of how a decision is made as well as analyze the outcome of decisions and factors that predict such outcomes (McFall, 2015).…”