In four experiments involving 156 5s, stimulus templates were traced onto the volar surface of 5's forearm. Experiment I showed that rotation of a T figure over 180° resulted in an illusion function, with a reversal of the effect at 90°. A similar function was obtained in Experiment II with an L figure, indicating the absence of a bisection effect. The component line along the shorter lateral axis was judged longer than that aligned with the longitudinal axis of the forearm. Experiments III and IV indicated that the effect was independent of the degree of stimulation on the skin and that an inscribed circle was similarly affected and perceived as a lateral ellipse. It was concluded that the horizontal-vertical illusion in passive touch is a function of the orientation of the figure with reference to the elongated frame of the receptor organ and is independent of the effect in vision and active touch.
Plagiarism is a hot topic in the education sector. Mainly focusing on the business education sector, the paper reviews the literature on plagiarism and exposes the soft complexity underlining the plagiarism problem. The complexity of the plagiarism theme is further depicted using the cognitive mapping technique, which can be considered as an attempt to enhance the multiperspective, systems-based cognitive filter in the multiperspective, systems-based research. Finally, the paper recommends the employment of systems thinking that endorses the employment of multiple perspectives and multiple methodologies in future research works on the topic of plagiarism.
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