ResumenEl vermicompostaje es un proceso ecotecnológico de bajo costo que permite la bio-oxidación, degradación y estabilización de residuos orgánicos por la acción conjunta de lombrices y microorganismos, del cual se obtiene la vermicomposta, un producto final estabilizado, homogéneo y de granulometría fina. Este proceso tecnológico eficiente puede convertir residuos orgánicos en productos de valor agregado para las prácticas de restauración ecológica y programas de fertilidad del suelo. El objetivo de esta revisión, es presentar los avances reportados en la literatura científica acerca del proceso de vermicompostaje, con la finalidad de comprender las cualidades y virtudes de esta tecnología alternativa en la conversión de residuos orgánicos sólidos en productos estables. En este documento se hace una breve revisión sobre bases que dieron paso al uso de lombrices en la fertilización del suelo, desde civilizaciones antiguas hasta la implementación de invernaderos de alta tecnología, tanto así que el vermicompostaje está llamado a hacer la segunda revolución verde para la generación de fertilizante orgánico y producción de alimentos sanos, e incluso para la generación de proteína de alta calidad para alimento animal. Se describen características de algunas especies de lombrices adecuadas para su manejo, así como la función que desempeñan en AbstractThe vermicomposting is a low cost eco-technological process that allows the bio-oxidation, degradation and stabilization of organic residues by the joint action of worms and microorganisms, from which the vermicompost is obtained, a final product stabilized, homogenous and fine granulometry. This efficient technological process can convert organic waste into value-added products for ecological restoration practices and soil fertility programs. The objective of this review is to present the advances reported in the scientific literature about the vermicomposting process, in order to understand the qualities and virtues of this alternative technology in the conversion of solid organic residues to stable products. In this document a brief review is made on bases that gave way to the use of earthworms in soil fertilization, from ancient civilizations to the implementation of high tech greenhouses at present, so much so that the vermicomposting is called to make the second green revolution for the generation of organic fertilizer and production of healthy food, and even for the generation of high quality protein for animal feed. Outstanding characteristics are described of some earthworm species that make them suitable for their management, as well as their role in the recycling of organic matter. A review 394 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.8 Núm. 2 15 de febrero -31 de marzo, 2017Víctor Manuel Villegas-Cornelio y José Ramón Laines Canepa reciclaje de la materia orgánica. Se hace una revisión de residuos orgánicos convencionales utilizados como alimento para lombrices, que al ser estabilizados mejoran el suelo y promueven la producción de los cultivos.Palabras clave: bio-oxida...

ResumenEl vermicompostaje es un proceso biotecnológico que permite biodegradar residuos orgánicos bajo condiciones aerobias y mesófilas por la acción conjunta de lombrices y microorganismos, del cual se obtiene un producto final estabilizado. En el proceso se aprovechan las capacidades detritívoras de las lombrices, la acción de sus enzimas digestivas y de la microflora aeróbica y anaeróbica presentes en su intestino. El objetivo de esta revisión es dar a conocer avances reportados en la literatura científica acerca de los diferentes eventos en el proceso de vermicompostaje. El uso de residuos orgánicos no convencionales para producir vermicomposta, es una forma de reciclar materia orgánica que de otra manera son desechados de forma inapropiada causando problemas ambientales y pérdida de material orgánico valioso. Su uso como bioplaguicida plantea buena expectativa para el control de patógenos en los cultivos, limitando del empleo de pesticidas químicos. Se hace una revisión de la actividad enzimática en el vermicompostaje, responsable de muchas transformaciones bioquímicas en el sustrato. Un aspecto importante del proceso es el funcionamiento y la biodiversidad de las poblaciones microbianas que participan en la transformación de los residuos, del que se sabe muy poco. El manejo de esta AbstractThe vermicomposting is a biotechnological process that allows biodegradation of organic waste under aerobic and mesophilic conditions by the joint action of worms and microorganisms, from which a stabilized final product is obtained. In the process they take advantage of the destructive capacities of the worms, the action of the digestive enzymes and the aerobic and anaerobic microflora present in their intestines. The objective of this review is to present advances reported in the scientific literature about the different events in the vermicomposting process. The use of unconventional organic waste to produce vermicompost is a way to recycle organic matter that otherwise is improperly disposed of causing environmental problems and loss of valuable organic material. Its use as a biopesticide raises good expectations for the control of pathogens in crops, limiting the use of chemical pesticides. A review of the enzymatic activity in the vermicomposting, responsible for many biochemical transformations in the substrate. An important aspect of the process is the functioning and biodiversity of microbial populations involved in the transformation of waste, which is very little known. The management of this technology requires the 408 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.8 Núm. 2 15 de febrero -31 de marzo, 2017Víctor Manuel Villegas-Cornelio y José Ramón Laines Canepa tecnología requiere del entendimiento de los mecanismos complejos en la relación lombriz-microorganismos, que interactúan para aumentar las tasas de descomposición de la materia orgánica.Palabras clave: bioplaguicida, enzimas, lombrices de tierra, microorganismos, vermicompostaje. IntroducciónActividades productivas como las agrícolas, urbanas e industriales generan re...

The energy growing demand and the international environmental policies contribute to the use of renewable energy sources. Among these sources, biogas has acquired great relevance due to its energetic similarity to fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gas (NG). However, biogas needs to be upgraded by removing CO2 and trace gases to obtain biomethane (>85% CH4). This review identifies and classifies seven techniques used in biogas upgrading, reported in academic and scientific publications. A 13-year review period (2008-2021) was considered. Lineal regression was used to analyze the publications number per year. Membranes use represents the largest proportion of publications (33%), while activated carbon (AC) reaches only 22%. However, the use and application of AC obtained the best trend as a publication topic, with a maximum value of R 2 = 0.7882. This review documents publish works on obtaining and applying AC in biogas enrichment processes. It includes a review of the characteristics and generation rates of various residual lignocellulosic materials used in the synthesis of AC, the synthesis processes, the characterization techniques, and the final adsorption capacities.

El uso de biodigestores se ha propuesto como una solución para el tratamiento de los residuos orgánicos. En el 2007 se inició en la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, una línea de investigación enfocada a la producción de energías más limpias, dentro de ésta se incursionó en el uso de sistemas de biodigestión anaerobia para el tratamiento de residuos orgánicos y la producción de biogás. Se inicio esta línea de investigación con biodigestores tipo Taiwan pequeños de 3 m3. En 2010 se construyo un biodigestor tipo cúpula a escala real de 67 m3. El proceso de obtención del biogás inicia con el acopio y transporte del material orgánico a la DACBiol. Los sustratos utilizados han sido el material ruminal vacuno y las excretas de vaca, caballo y borrego, en proporciones de 4:1. La agitación se hace manualmente para los biodigestores de 3 m3 y de forma mecanizada para el biodigestor tipo cúpula. Se han monitoreado tiempos de retención hidráulica desde 15 a 90 días. Los resultados cromatográficos de la composición del biogás reportan un 59.34 % en volumen de gas metano y un 30.95 % de bióxido de carbono. En base a los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el uso de biodigestores anaerobios a diferentes escalas tiene resultados benéficos como el aprovechamiento del poder calorífico del biogás, el uso del efluente liquido como fertilizante foliar y la parte mineral como mejorador de suelos.

Natural gas comes from the decomposition of organic material under anaerobic conditions in a process that occurred around 150 million years ago, which allows the gas trapping between rock pore spaces (porous system). Even though natural gas has become one of the most used fuels around the world, there are other spontaneous, continuous, ongoing, or inducing processes that can produce a similar gas in a short time (considering human scale); we refer to biogas. The aim of this chapter is to describe the biomass potential from organic residues for biogas production. The first part explains the biomass as an energy source, a comparison between natural gas reserves and sources of biogas with a global perspective of their energy contribution. The main biomass conversion technologies followed by case studies are shown in the second part. Finally, the biomethanization process is covered as a promising way to valorize some biomass residues into natural gas. Information about where and how the biogas can be contained, controlled, and distributed is provided. This chapter focuses in considering biogas as an alternative in the fuel demand with the advantage of coming from a renewable source, providing electricity, heat, or transport, and the generation of by-products.

<abstract> <p>The advent of large volumes of <italic>Sargassum sp</italic>. on the Mexican Caribbean coast has become an emerging issue for the Mexican population. The most frequent action is harvesting, but a correct treatment or energy recovery strategy is still missing. This work aimed to evaluate the energy potential of <italic>Sargassum fluitans</italic>, through elemental calculations and direct measurements, considering the effect of its washing. The calorific value determined by the direct method was 9.24 ± 0.28 MJ/kg and 12.64 ± 0.18 MJ/kg for dirty and washed <italic>Sargassum</italic>, respectively. The washing effect increased the calorific values in <italic>Sargassum fluitans</italic> by 36.80%. The washing effect increased the calorific values determined by indirect methods, increasing 10.10% and 41.04%, each method, respectively. The content of toxic metals was lower in both materials than that established for non-woody biomass from energy use, concerning the ISO 17225:2014 standard. The unit energy cost of <italic>Sargassum fluitans</italic> is ＄0.007 and ＄0.011 per MJ for dirty and washed conditions, respectively. Finally, the results of this work indicate that the <italic>Sargassum</italic> wash provides better characteristics to be considered an alternative fuel option in combustion systems such as thermo-electric plants (based on carbon), sugar mills, and cement kilns with co-processing of solid waste. Attending from a bioenergetic approach, <italic>Sargassum's</italic> emerging seasonal problem affects the Mexican Caribbean coast.</p> </abstract>

State parks are highly sensitive areas of great natural importance and tourism value. Herein a case study involving a basic survey of solid waste which was carried out in 2006 in Agua Blanca State Park, Macuspana, Tabasco, Mexico with two sampling periods representing the high and low tourist season is presented. The survey had five objectives: to find out the number of visitors in the different seasons, to consider the daily generation of solid waste from tourist activities, to determine bulk density, to select and quantify sub-products; and to suggest a possible treatment. A daily average of 368 people visited the park: 18,862 people in 14 days during the high season holiday (in just one day, Easter Sunday, up to 4425 visitors) and 2092 visitors in 43 days during the low season. The average weight of the generated solid waste was 61.267 kg day(-1) and the generated solid waste average per person was 0.155 kg person(-1 ) day(-1). During the high season, the average increased to 0.188 kg person(-1 ) day(-1) and during the low season, the average decreased to 0.144 kg person(-1 ) day(-1). The bulk density average was 75.014 kg m(-3), the maximum value was 92.472 kg m(-3) and the minimum was 68.274 kg m(-3). The sub-products comprised 54.52% inorganic matter; 32.03% organic matter, 10.60% non-recyclable and 2.85% others. Based on these results, waste management strategies such as reuse/recycling, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, the construction of a manual landfill and the employment of a specialist firm were suggested.

Palabras clave: biodigestor, excreta, metano, residuos RESUMENHoy en día se necesitan nuevas fuentes de producción de energía. Además, hay un incremento de los residuos agrícolas que representan un problema ambiental. El propósito del presente estudio fue comparar la digestión anaerobia de excretas de borrego con la codigestión anaerobia de excretas de borrego más lodos de aguas residuales y la codigestión anaerobia de excretas de borrego más rumen. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento T1 (excretas de borrego-lodos de aguas residuales), produjo una menor cantidad de biogás, 35.47 L, comparado con el tratamiento T2 (excretas de borregorumen) y el tratamiento T3 (excretas de borrego), con 42.14 L y 43.83 L respectivamente. El análisis estadístico de la composición de biogás mostró que los valores de CH 4 y CO 2, no fueron significativamente diferentes (P = 0.5660 y 0.2589). Los valores de H 2 S (P = 0.0379), mostraron que la concentración fue menor en el tratamiento T1 que en el tratamiento T3. Si los residuos agrícolas son utilizados apropiadamente con codigestión anaerobia pueden ser convertidos en energía.Key words: biodigestor, manure, methane, waste ABSTRACT Nowadays, new energy production sources are needed. Also, there is an increase in agricultural waste, which represents an environmental problem. The purpose of the present study was to compare the anaerobic digestion of sheep manure feces with the anaerobic co-digestion of sheep feces + wastewater sludge, and with the anaerobic co-digestion of sheep feces + rumen. The results showed that the treatment T1 (sheep feces + wastewater sludge) produced a lower quantity of biogas, 35.47 L, compared to the treatment T2 (sheep feces + rumen) and treatment T3 (sheep feces only), with 42.14 L and 43.83 L, respectively. Statistical analysis of the biogas composition showed that the values of CH 4 and CO 2 were not significantly different (P = 0.5660 and 0.2589). The values for H 2 S (P = 0.0379), showed that the concentration was less in treatment T1 than in treatment T3. If these agricultural wastes are used appropriately with codigestion, they can be converted into energy.