A number of experimental results about the influence of attention on movement have been explained by theoretical models based on neuronal movement codification. These models have been recently questioned by findings that prove that the kind of influence on movement of the same attentional cue-with a supposedly similar neuronal codification-depends on their contextual significance. This research focused on this meaning dependency using endogenous cues that require a mental representation of directions, that is to say, representation of the way to take. To this end, obligation and prohibition traffic signs to indicate two possible route options during a tracking task were selected. The author found that participants tend to deviate from the direction of the movement mentally represented-an effect dubbed semantic repulsion.

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This study encourages both an in-depth analysis of the effect on movement of roadside signs and the study of how this effect can be modified by the context in which these signs are presented (with the aim to move the research closer to and analyze the data in real contexts). The goal is to achieve clarity of meaning and lack of counterproductive effects on the trajectory of representative signs (those that provoke fewer mistakes in the decision task).

A b s t r a c tAim of the study: The present study tests the effect of the attention to emotional content on movement trajectory. Methods: Pictures with positive and negative valence were presented on both sides of a simulated road in a driving-simulation tracking task for a series of two experiments for a total of 28 participants. Results: Both the approach and withdrawal effects toward/from the position in which emotional cues appeared have been found on the participants' trajectory. In contrast to previous literature and common-sense hypotheses, these effects depended on the picture-presentation setting more than on their emotional valence. Some predictions in the literature pointed to finding approach movements for positive pictures and withdrawal behaviours for negative valences. In this sense, only negative pictures presented in close positions on the left-side of the road have been found to provoke approach tendencies. Conclusions: The "emotional", right hemisphere processed picture presentations on the left side. Since it is impossible to select negative emotional pictures that do not have high emotional arousal, results point out to pictures arousal as the cause of the effects found. These findings are discussed under the perspectives of hemisphere laterality and models of motor control. The present study supports the MDRA model in its premise about how context can modify the meanings of attentional cues and, in turn, their impact on movement programming.

La Sociedad está dando por sentado demasiados preceptos sin el convenientes y adecuado análisis previo. Se parte de un supuesto nivel social de partida para favorecer ilegítimamente a cierto sector social con respecto a otro. La llamada discriminación positiva disfruta de una aceptación social noconsciente de lo que realmente significa. En este trabajo, realizamos un análisis de la Filosofía del Derecho y la constitucionalidad de los países (basadas en "Los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano") en contraposición con leyes orgánicas que se contraponen o, incluso, violan derechos preceptos filosóficos y lógicos. Todo ello, se relaciona con el concepto de Paltón de hombre-excelente, de Locke de hombre-honesto y de hombre-noble de Ortega y Gasset. Sólo hombre (incluidas las mujeres) con una visión cosmológica e histórica son capaces de redactar leyes que respeten la esencia del ser humano y que den como resultado tipificaciones, normativas y regulaciones realmente justas.