Due to the high mortality rates and poor growth generally observed in Octopus vulgaris paralarval rearing experiments, it was decided to organize a working group in order to formulate recommendations to tackle this problem. Over a dozen scientists representing the most active current research groups related to this subject attended the meeting in Vigo, Spain, in November 2005. The aim of this working group was to determine the bottlenecks that prevent success in paralarval rearing, define the most appropriate rearing conditions, and identify required future research. This paper describes rearing techniques for the O. vulgaris paralarvae used by the different research participant teams, with regard to tank systems, feeding environment, and diets (Artemia, crustacean zoeae, sandeel flakes, copepods, etc.). Additionally, it includes other related themes such as the culture of Artemia and copepods, organisms that are commonly used in paralarval rearing. When embarking on O. vulgaris rearing it is advised to use prey rich in DHA (docosaenoic acid, 22:6n-3) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3), and with high DHA/EPA ratio. Such prey could be enriched Artemia, accompanied or not by crustacean zoeae or any microdiet. It is also recommended that, in future studies, values of growth and survival rates are recorded at the beginning of the benthic phase, in order to compare them to successful previous studies. Dry weight and DHA/EPA ratio of paralarvae may also be good criteria to define paralarval viability and evaluate success of the rearing system.

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Planktonic copepods are a key group in the marine pelagic ecosystem, linking primary production with upper trophic levels. Their abundance and population dynamics are constrained by the life history tradeoffs associated with resource availability, reproduction and predation pressure. The tradeoffs associated with the ageing process and its underlying biological mechanisms are, however, poorly known. Our study shows that ageing in copepods involves a deterioration of their vital rates and a rise in mortality associated with an increase in oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation); the activity of the cell-repair enzymatic machinery also increases with age. This increase in oxidative damage is associated with an increase in the relative content of the fatty acid 22:6(n-3), an essential component of cell membranes that increases their susceptibility to peroxidation. Moreover, we show that caloric (food) restriction in marine copepods reduces their age-specific mortality rates, and extends the lifespan of females and their reproductive period. Given the overall low production of the oceans, this can be a strategy, at least in certain copepod species, to enhance their chances to reproduce in a nutritionally dilute, temporally and spatially patchy environment.

Egg production in the copepod Acartia tonsa was evaluated using different densities of the microalgae Thalassiosira weissflogii, Chaetoceros muelleri and Isochrysis galbana. Male and female were kept under controlled conditions (salinity 30, 20 • C, photoperiod 12L:12D), acclimated to the experimental conditions and left over a period of 24 h to allow copulation. Algal densities tested were equivalent in biovolume and corresponded to 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60.10 3 cells.mL −1 of T. weissflogii. Ten acclimated female were separated, transferred to glass bottles and exposed for further 24 h to the corresponding experimental medium. After this period, the eggs were fixed and counted. Copepod egg production reached a threshold value when T. weissflogii, C. muelleri and I. galbana were supplied at 10.10 3 , 140.10 3 and 640.10 3 cells.mL −1 , respectively. Mean egg production corresponded to 28.0 ± 0.5, 20.1 ± 1.0 and 22.0 ± 3.5 eggs.female −1 .day −1 , respectively. Copepods fed T. weissflogii showed the highest mean egg production while those fed I. galbana reached a maximum egg production when the algae were supplied at a density two-to fourfold higher, considering the biovolume of T. weissflogii and C. muelleri. These differences are explained considering the different sizes of the microalgae used to feed the copepods.

ABSTRACT. Temporal variation of the zooplankton from Tramandaí Beach, RS, southern Brazil, with emphasis on Copepoda. The temporal variability of density, species composition, biomass and diversity of the surf zone zooplankton from Tramandaí Beach, RS, Brazil, was studied between August 2005 and August 2006. Samples were taken forthnightly using a zooplankton net of 150 cm total length, 50 cm mouth diameter and 300 µm nylon mesh size. Data on clorofila-a, wind direction, longshore current, salinity, air and water temperature were taken as well. Copepoda presented the highest species diversity, being Temora turbinata (Dana, 1849) the species with higher relative abundance and frequency of occurrence. Other Copepoda species were also numerically important, such as Acartia tonsa (Dana, 1849), Subeucalanus pileatus (Glesbrecht, 1888) and Ctenocalanus vanus (Glesbrecht, 1888). The Mysidacea Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica (Bascescu, 1968) presented frequency of 58.33% and relative abundance of 44%. The peak of mesozooplanktonic biomass (96 mg.m -³) was recorded in September/2005, corresponding to the maximum density value presented for this species (3,535 org.m -³). Information about zooplankton of this region is scarce and the results of this study will provide a base for the knowledge about the biological processes occurring in the surf zone of Tramandaí Beach.

In this study the acute and sub-lethal effects caused by the Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of a light crude oil were assessed for the first time on the planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa. Chromatographic analysis was also performed to quantify the levels of hydrocarbons (total, aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons) to which copepods were exposed to. Male and female individuals were exposed to hydrocarbon concentrations varying from 12 to 196 µg.L-1 (Total hydrocarbons). The LC 50 was 69.5 (24 hours) and 48.0 µg.L-1 (48 hours) for females and 84.8 (24 hours) and 70.1 µg.L-1 (48 hours) for males. Sub-lethal effects were also evaluated by exposing females to the equivalent of LC 10. Females showed significant reduction in egg and fecal pellet production, and also a delay in the eggs hatching time. Thus, the toxic effects of WSF of oil may be crucial for the specie population maintenance, possibly influencing the equilibrium of marine ecosystems.

The euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa was exposed to silver (AgNO(3)) in either the absence or the presence of food (diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii; 2 x 10(4) cells/ml). Standard static-renewal toxicity tests that included a fixed photoperiod of 16: 8 h light:dark and temperature (20 degrees C) were run in three different salinities (5, 15, and 30 ppt) together with measurements of pH, ions (Na(+), Cl(-), K(+), SO(4)(2-), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+)), alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon, and total and dissolved (0.45 microm) silver concentrations in the experimental media. In the absence of food, the 48-h EC50 (concentration causing effect to 50% of the individuals tested) values based on total and dissolved silver concentrations were 11.6, 87.2, and 163.2 microg Ag/L and 7.1, 79.2, and 154.6 microg Ag/L at salinities 5, 15, and 30 ppt, respectively. In the presence of food, they were 62.1, 98.5, and 238.4 microg Ag/L and 48.4, 52.3, and 190.9 microg Ag/L, respectively. In all experimental conditions, most of the toxic silver fraction was in the dissolved phase, regardless of salinity or the presence of food in the water. In either the absence or the presence of food, acute silver toxicity was salinity dependent, decreasing as salinity increased. Data indicate that changes in water chemistry can account for the differences in acute silver toxicity in the absence of food, but not in the presence of food, suggesting that A. tonsa requires extra energy to cope with the stressful conditions imposed by acute silver exposure and ionoregulatory requirements in low salinities. These findings indicate the need for incorporation of both salinity and food (organic carbon) in a future biotic ligand model (BLM) version for estuarine and marine conditions, which could be validated and calibrated using the euryhaline copepod A. tonsa.

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