NEs should be considered part of the therapeutic chain and, if appropriately updated or instructed, could play a very important role in the always difficult promotion of rational drug use. Public health institutions and universities should be more actively involved in the provision of independent, unbiased, and essential information on common therapeutic problems, safety concerns, and new drug prescription restrictions.

ResumenIntroducción. La prescripción inapropiada de medicamentos es un problema reconocido, al cual los ancianos son una población vulnerable.Objetivo. Describir la medicación potencialmente inapropiada en ancianos atendidos en consulta ambulatoria en un hospital de cuarto nivel de Bogotá en 2007. Materiales y métodos.Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal. Como criterios de medicación potencialmente inapropiada en ancianos se utilizaron los propuestos por Beers, actualizados en 2002. La información se obtuvo de la última consulta registrada en la historia clínica en 2007, de una muestra de 420 ancianos que asistieron a consulta ambulatoria en un hospital de cuarto nivel.Resultados. El promedio de medicamentos prescritos fue de 3,2. El 61,95% de los pacientes recibía múltiples medicamentos. Los grupos de medicamentos más Palabras clave: anciano, prescripción de medicamentos, salud pública, farmacoepidemiología, utilización de medicamentos. TitlePotentially inappropriate medications in the elderly in a fourth level care hospital in Bogotá Abstract Background: The prescription of inappropriate medications is a recognized problem, to which the elderly are a vulnerable population.Objective: To describe the potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly (PIME) treated at outpatient consultation in a fourth-level hospital in Bogota in 2007. Materials and methods:A cross-sectional study was developed, updated in 2002 Beers criteria were used as PIME. The information was obtained from the last record in the medical history in 2007, from a sample of 420 outpatient elderly people in a fourth-level hospital. Results:The average number of drugs prescribed was 3.2. 61.95% of the patients were polymedicated. Drug groups most frequently prescribed were those acting on the cardiovascular system (34.7%), alimentary tract and metabolism (18.1%) and nervous system (14.6%). PIME was received by 20.7% of patients according to Beers criteria. PIME was associated with polypharmacy. PIME was more frequent in patients with diagnoses of circulatory system diseases and with action on the nervous system. Drugs that can cause problems not classified as PIME by Beers were prescribed to 15% of patients.Conclusions: PIME is a frequent problem, it is necessary to adapt and supplement the Beers criteria to different context.

El propósito del presente artículo es, a partir de una genealogía de la ética empresarial, documentar la tesis que argumenta que la idea de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) y sus desarrollos surgen en el contexto capitalista del resentimiento de una sociedad débil que encarna la figura nietzscheana del sacerdote ascético. El documento está dividido en 5 partes, primero inicia con una reseña de la ética empresarial y de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como origen de ésta. Segundo, se reconstruyen las principales críticas que se han hecho a la RSE. Tercero, se expone la genealogía de la ética empresarial y se argumenta que el resentimiento es el fundamento ideológico de la RSE. Por último, se muestra cómo el teórico en ética empresarial encarna la figura nietzscheana del sacerdote ascético y la ética empresarial se ha fundado sobre los ideales ascéticos que éste predica. Al final se hace un apartado de conclusiones.

SummaryIntroduction: In a paper published by Hepler, it is mentioned that the Pharmaceutical Care constitutes a change in the paradigm of the profession, an affirmation that it is necessary to clarify since apparently, this concept is not used from the philosophy or the social sciences. Methodology: A scoping study was performed from systematics reviews of literature and meta-analysis published in MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS, which the role of the pharmacist in the different settings of health care was studied. It was not restricted by language or date of publication. Results: The selection process identifies 86 reviews published between 1998 and 2014, of which 84.9% are Systematic Review (SR). It was studied all care settings 23.3%, community 22.1%, and ambulatory setting 22.1%. According to the title, 65% referring to the role of the pharmacist, 21% with pharmaceutical care or other related terms and 14% with clinical pharmacy services. There is no uniformity in the concepts of pharmaceutical care or drugs related problems. Conclusions: It is necessary to construct the knowledge object of pharmaceutical care activities from a paradigm that allows another understanding of pharmacist interventions, construct values in the patientpharmacist relationship supported in Latin American bioethics and a methodology of research that transcends the findings of the performed studies using the designs of classical epidemiology.

Introduction: pharmacovigilance and patient safety programs have in common the monitoring of drugs, but despite sharing epidemiological method, language and legislation, there does not seem to be a clear relationship between them. Objectives: characterize and analyze the reports sent to the institutional patient safety program. Materials and methods: observational descriptive cross-sectional study of the reports database from an institutional patient safety program during 2016. Medication errors were classified according to the document WHO 2009. Adverse Drugs Reactions (ADR) were classified according to Uppsala Monitoring Center. Results: from the patient safety program it was detected that the omission of drugs or doses was the most frequent error (42.8%) followed by ADRs (20.9%). Harmful incidents were the most frequent (61.2%) followed by no harm incidents (38.8%). From the pharmacovigilance program 41 ADR and 15 therapeutic failures were identified, in which Phlebitis was the most frequently reported (23, 7%) followed by hypersensitivity reactions (18.4%) and excessive neuromuscular blockade (13.1%). Conclusions: a very important amount of incidents is not considered by any of the two programs, losing a valuable risk management opportunity. The program did not identify a clear distinction between harmful incident and ADR.

Aim To characterise systematic reviews and meta‐analyses on pharmacist care activities (PCAs) by means of bibliometric indicators. Data sources The MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases were consulted. Study selection Articles describing/evaluating PCAs in any setting (community, ambulatory or hospital) in which research design was a systematic review of the literature (SR) or a meta‐analysis (MA) were included. Results Of the 1180 publications retrieved from the search, 86 were included. The included papers were published between 1998 and 2014. SRs were the most frequent research design (84.9%). The most frequent settings were all‐care settings (n = 20, 23.3%), followed by community settings (n = 19, 22.1%). The most common target population included all types of population groups together (n = 53; 59.3%). None of the SR/MAs had a high quality level. The bibliometric analysis showed that the SR/MAs were carried out by an average of four authors (range 1–13) and 62.8% (54/86) of the analysed SR/MAs were written only by pharmacists. The USA and the UK were the most frequent authors’ countries of origin. The 86 SR/MAs were published in 49 journals, and the average impact factor was 1.172 (range: 5.827–0.109). Conclusions The results of this review evidenced the urgency of an agreement on a PCA classification aiming at equating results among different studies. It is necessary to establish the minimum quality criteria for conducting studies on PC. Finally, the results showed the need for further research on PC (i) using qualitative methods and (ii) studying the paediatric population.

En las últimas dos décadas, el tema de los derechos humanos en las organizaciones se ha posicionado como un asunto central para la dirección de organizaciones. El propósito de este artículo es caracterizar la concepción que tienen los jefes de gestión humana de las empresas grandes de la ciudad de Manizales, sobre los derechos humanos y su improtancia en las organizaciones. En la primera parte se presentan las generalidades sobre los derechos humanos. En la segunda, se exponen los antecedentes de la discusión sobre organizaciones y Derechos Humanos. En tercer lugar, se presentan los aspectos metodológicos, que muestran cómo el estudio es descriptivo, y para él se realizaron 40 entrevistas semiestructuradas a jefes de gestión humana. En la cuarta parte, y como resultado producto del procesamiento y análisis del contenido aportado en ellas, se documentan las principales categorías de la concepción que los entrevistados tienen sobre los DD.HH., y su importancia para las organizaciones. Para terminar, en las conclusiones se plantea que los entrevistados, tienen sobre los derechos humanos un conocimiento básico y general, una concepción instrumental, convencional y naturalista de los derechos, con poca conexión con los desarrollos del campo de la responsabilidad social empresarial sobre el tema y sobre la necesidad de implementar procesos de capacitación.

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