Conflicts stemming from the dispute over natural resources have become increasingly more frequent. Extreme weather events have intensified and have equally become more frequent owing to global warming. Although the consequences of such phenomena have repercussions on public safety, the processes of analysis incorporating the environmental dimension in this context have not been fully understood. This paper assessed how systems of environmental protection interconnect with those of crime prevention, forming the environmental safety system. It is an exploratory-descriptive research carried out through questionnaires evaluated by State environmental control agencies, exploring eight major domains: their origins; their staff, distribution and organization; logistics and operational structures; the use of geotechnologies; integration; operational results; regional analysis; and the general analysis of military environmental police. The last section, in conclusion, reviews the main lessons learned and proposes future lines of research that can be developed based on this topic. It highlights that the military environmental police should be the most significant agent of nature protection in the country. It reveals the existence of weaknesses and opportunities for improvement to be implemented.
In recent years, due to irregular rainfall, several regions across the globe suffer from some type of environmental degradation. Depending on the degree of intensity, they can lead to a series of socioeconomic problems, both regional and national. One of the most emblematic types of degradation today is the desertification development process, resulting in a combination of factors: anthropic, climatic, and/or environmental. In an attempt to understand the behavior of these impacts, this work evaluated the degradation process based on the Aridity Index (AI) on biomes located in the Brazilian Northeast (Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Amazon, and Cerrado). The AI consists of the relationship between the use of evapotranspiration (in this case, the Thornthwaite estimation method) and precipitation. The data used correspond to the product Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas (CHELSA), which have a spatial resolution of 1km x 1km and temporal resolution on a monthly scale, from 1979 to 2013. In addition, it was found that the AI behavior during years of the occurrence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm phase, the El Niños. The identification of El Niño episodes was based on the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) climate proxy, characterized by the Equatorial Pacific region known as the Niño 3.4 region, from which the years 1983, 1993, 1998, and 2012 were selected. AI results point out different behaviors between the biomes, mainly over the south of the northeastern Cerrado and the Caatinga, motivated by the strong variability of rainfall in the respective regions. The Caatinga stands out, which exhibited a large part of its area was classified as arid (AI between 0.05 -0.20) and hyper-arid (AI < 0.05), mainly in 2012. The Amazon and biomes, on the other hand. Atlantic Forest has areas classified as semi-arid (AI < 0.5). El Niño had a reduction in the AI values, motivated by the long periods of drought and irregular rainfall that negatively impacted the semi-arid of the Northeast region.
The cost of geotechnologies are becoming more accessible. The capacity to generate real-time maps with ubiquitous access and applications based on geocollaborative platforms developed for the most diverse purposes have been multiplying, allowing users to generate, share, and collect information about geographical spaces. Even so, the geotechnologies employing geographic information system (GIS) are still limited among the Brazilian environmental military police. This lack of geotechnologies diffusion occurs due to the absence of specific training, requiring a constant update from these professionals. The current stage of evolution on geotechnology through cloud computing, user-centered design, and geocollaboration demands the police command-and-control structures to rethink their strategies. Several platforms are available and open for developers to create applications under this technology. This article analyzes the potential applicability of geocollaboration in environmental inspection activities, through a case study in the CPAm/PMERJ.
As florestas tropicais úmidas estão entre os biomas mais ameaçados doplaneta. Elas se tornaram as novas fronteiras de expansão do capital, tantopara a produção de commodities agrícolas quanto para a exploração de seusrecursos naturais. Este artigo procura analisar como está sendo praticado osistema de comando e controle sobre uma dessas florestas tropicais úmidas:a Amazônia brasileira. Para alcançar os objetivos traçados na pesquisa, foramempregados métodos exploratórios-descritivos de abordagem qualitativae quantitativa, realizados por meio de pesquisa de campo e revisão daliteratura sobre o assunto. Ainda se avaliou as publicações que melhordescrevessem o “estado da arte” do tema, sempre visando a qualidade eabrangência das pesquisas por mineração bibliométrica e levantamento decampo por meio de questionários administrados às corporações policiaismilitares. Examinando-se as agências e organizações policiais responsáveispela proteção ambiental da União quanto aos estados que integram aAmazônia Legal verificou-se que todas elas dedicam poucos recursos materiais para uma proteção efetiva da floresta, bem como os recursos humanos são infinitamente menores do que o recomendado por organizações internacionais de proteção na natureza. Além disso, a estrutura responsável porinvestigar nos estados os crimes ambientais é pobre ou inexistente e distante das principais regiões de desmatamento e outros crimes ambientais, o que favorece a impunidade. Conclui-se que a falta de estrutura dos órgãos de comando e controle na Amazônia ameaça a sustentabilidade do ecossistema, da economia e da sociedade local, regional e global.
Weak governance over the Brazilian Amazon is jeopardizing both social and environmental balance. Moreover, the loss of this balance can have severe social, economic, and political consequences at local, national, and global levels. Therefore, we plan to answer how the Brazilian forest is being protected based on the perspective of the environmental military police integrating all states of the so-called Legal Amazon. The study came from a field survey conducted through a questionnaire sent to those police agencies. The research is based on exploratory and descriptive methods of qualitative and quantitative approach with both field research and literature review on the subject. We sought to evaluate publications that satisfactorily described the “state of the art” of the main research on the topic, as we strove for the quality and comprehensiveness of the research, and a field survey through a questionnaire applied to law enforcement agencies. The responses were organized into four groups, allowing an overview of the environmental inspection in the region. Although the Amazon Rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world, it has been found that states in the region devote little human and material resources to its protection. They are insufficient, tactically, and strategically under-employed, poorly distributed, and for the most part, far below the national average, which is already lower than recommended by international bodies which dedicate to the protection of nature.
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