3 ResumenEste trabajo aporta nuevos argumentos sobre los determinantes de la calidad institucional. De forma previa a la exposición del trabajo empírico, se discuten los criterios que deberían valorar la calidad de las instituciones. Posteriormente, se identifican los factores que conforme a estos criterios, determinan la calidad institucional. Los resultados obtenidos en el modelo estimado permiten inferir algunas conclusiones interesantes. La primera, que el nivel de desarrollo determina la calidad institucional: cuanto mayor es la primera, más alta es la segunda. En segundo lugar, la distribución del ingreso parece condicionar la calidad de las instituciones. Se requiere cierto grado de cohesión social para dotar de legitimidad y predictibilidad a las instituciones. En tercer lugar, un sistema impositivo adecuado se asocia positivamente con la mejora de la calidad institucional. Los impuestos proporcionan las rentas necesarias para generar calidad institucional, al mismo tiempo que crean una relación más estrecha y exigente entre el Estado y los ciudadanos. Finalmente, la educación mejora la calidad institucional. Por el contrario, algunas de las variables identificadas en la literatura, bien parecen no identificar la calidad institucional o bien tienen efectos indirectos, a través de las variables mencionadas.Palabras clave: Calidad institucional, distribución de ingresos, impuestos, educación. AbstractThis paper provides new evidences about the determinants of institutional quality. Prior to implementing our empirical research, we discuss the criteria that should be used to judge the quality of institutions. Then, we identify the factors that, according to these criteria, determine institutional quality. The results obtained in the estimated model enable to draw some interesting conclusions. First of all, development level determines institutional quality: the highest the former, the highest the latter. Secondly, income distribution seems to condition institutional quality. A certain degree of social cohesion is needed to provide institutional predictability and legitimacy. Thirdly, a sound tax system is positively asso-ciated with institutional quality improvement. Taxes provide the necessary revenue to ge-nerate quality institutions, while creating a narrower and more demanding relation between State and citizens. Finally, education improves institutional quality. On the contrary, some of the variables identified in the literature either they do not seem to determine institutional quality or their effects are indirect, through the aforementioned variables.

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The present article attempts to determine the role played by the balance-of-payments constraint on economic growth in Spain (1960-94), using cointegration techniques. This empirical exercise also serves to reveal some shortcomings in the usual procedures for estimating Thirlwall's Law. In particular, the Spanish case reveals how important it is to introduce a variable that expresses the competitiveness gains generated by improvements in quality of the goods and services into the export function. It also demonstrates the inadequate simplification entailed in an a priori exclusion of relative prices in external equilibrium equation. Not taking these two aspects into consideration may give rise to an erroneous confirmation of Thirlwall's Law, especially if, as in the Spanish case, both effects offset each other. Finally, if the aim is to analyse long-term relationships between variables, it would seem advisable to use procedures, such as cointegration, with variables in levels.

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This article analyses current attempts to identify the factors underlying long-term economic growth. The author criticises some of the arguments and historical evidence on which the two main explanations that dominate recent literature are based: the institutional approach and the approach focusing on the importance of geographical factors. Using an approach which is deliberately eclectic, the author considers the role of geography, international trade, human capital and institutional quality in explaining development. A new estimation is carried out through Two Stages Least Squares (TSLS) with instrumental variables. The results of the empirical model confirm the central role of institutions in long-term economic growth. However, certain geographical conditions also seem to have influenced countries' chances of progress. The human capital is a less robust factor in explaining economic growth and trade openness does not seem significant in any estimation. Nevertheless, several questions remain to be answered, suggesting that cross-country estimations need to be complemented with a deeper historical analysis.