The artificial flowering induction in mango tree is the most important crop management in mango orchards and requires greater attention from growers. The management involves three steps: stoppage of plant growth, branch maturation and flowering induction with nitrates. The first stage starts with the application of paclobutrazol to the soil. However, problems with the use of excessive concentrations are common and lead to the accumulation of residues in the soil. In addition, the use of paclobutrazol is not allowed in organic agriculture. Therefore, this review article aimed to compile information about the updates and efforts to solve these problems in conventional mango crops, as well as identify alternatives for its organic management. In conventional orchards, the application of fulvic acids in association with paclobutrazol, as an alternative to the single use of paclobutrazol, was identified as a way to improve the absorption of the product by plants and, consequently, reduce the concentrations and residues in the soil. Researches involving pruning, girdling, fertilization and irrigation should be developed as an alternative to the use of paclobutrazol for the organic crop system of mango cultivars in tropical and subtropical regions.
This work aimed to evaluate the phytosociology of weeds and the fruit yield of banana (cv. Tropical) in different soil coverings. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of sowing of Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Stylosanthes 'Campo Grande', Crotalaria spectabilis, Sorghum bicolor, and Phaseolus lunatus between the rows of the banana trees. A control treatment was also used without cover crops. Weed phytosociology was evaluated in four treatments. The number of hands per bunch, the number of fruits per hand, the number of fruits per bunch, and the fruit yield were estimated in all treatments. In the phytosociological survey, 23 species were identified, in 13 families, especially Asteraceae and Poaceae families. Compared to the control, the coverage with C. cajan, C. juncea, and C. ensiformis provided a reduction in weed density of 108%, 71.7%, and 14.6%, respectively. C. ensiformis and C. cajan provided the highest yield of banana fruits, with an increase of 51.2% about the control. It is concluded that C. ensiformis and C. juncea provided the most significant suppression of weeds, while C. cajan and C. ensiformis provided the highest fruit yield.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of radishes in response to cotton residue doses and biostimulant application. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme using the doses of 0; 25; 50; 75; 100 t ha-1 of cotton residue with or without biostimulant, with three replicates. At 32 days after emergency, the following variables were determined: plant height, leaf area, diameter of commercial roots, diameter of non-commercial roots, fresh mass of commercial roots, fresh mass of non-commercial roots, root dry mass, and dry mass of the plant leaves. Increases ranging from 49.74 to 1.291% were observed depending on the analyzed variable in comparing the control with the highest residue dose of 100 t ha-1. The biostimulant application treatments were up to 25.75% superior in relation to the treatments without application. It is concluded that cotton residue application and biostimulant are good alternatives to improve the performance of radish plants and can be used in organic production systems.
It is possible to cultivate common beans for a third harvest in one agricultural year due to varietal characteristics. For calendar adequacy, performing desiccation and planting often occur almost simultaneously. Germination performance of many plant species can improve with biostimulant use on seeds, however the interaction with herbicide residual molecules is unknown. The hypothesis is that seeds treated with a biostimulant in soil with glyphosate residues can eliminate the advantage of the biostimulant or increase the damage caused by the herbicide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different glyphosate reduce doses and the interaction with biostimulant on bean seed germination and vigor. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized 2 x 5 factorial block designing factorial 2 x 5, corresponding to the presence and absence of biostimulant and five different doses of glyphosate reduce rates, with four repetitions. The conducted evaluations were first count germination, germination test, accelerated aging, cold test, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry matter and electrical conductivity. It can be concluded that the biostimulant treatment on bean seeds increased germination, seed vigor and early seedling growth, but glyphosate presence reduced those advantages, increasing electrical conductivity. However, the herbicide presence provided higher germination on the accelerated aging test.
The micronutrients and biostimulant use can promote root, shoot and seedling growth. The aim of this work was evaluated the micronutrients and biostimulant application effects on arabica coffee seedling development. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 5 x 3, with four replicates. Five cultivars of arabica coffee (Topázio, Catuaí Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho 99, Catuaí Vermelho 144 and Catiguá) cultivated in green house, combined with biostimulant (Stimulate ®), of micronutrients (Mo+Co) and control. 150 days after sowing the plants was evaluated. The higher seed germination velocity (0.10) was obtained with micronutrients and biostimulant. The higher height of plant, 8.88 cm, was attained with biostimulant on Catuaí Amarelo. Catuaí Amarelo and Vermelho obtained higher number of leaves (4.5) with biostimulant use and the Catuaí Amarelo (4.38) with micronutrients use. In Catuaí Amarelo was attained higher shoot dry mass and leaf area with biostimulant use, reach 1.69 g and 19.55 cm 2 , respectively. The higher root dry mass values (0.76 g) and Dickson quality index (0.47 and 0.48) was attained with micronutrients use to the Catuaí Amarelo e vermelho cultivars. Seedling development of Catuaí Amarelo was benefited with Stimulate ® application and the cultivar Topázio did not get positive development with Stimulate ® and micronutrients application. Index terms: Coffea arabica ., Stimulate ® , molybdenum + cobalt, Dickson quality index. EFEITO DE BIOESTIMULANTE E MICRONUTRIENTE NA EMERGÊNCIA, CRESCIMENTO E QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE CAFÉ ARÁBICA RESUMO: O uso de bioestimulante e micronutriente pode promover o crescimento de raízes e parte aérea de mudas de plantas. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de bioestimulante e micronutriente no desenvolvimento de mudas de café arábica. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com quatro repetições. Foi utilizado cinco cultivares de café arábica (Topázio, Catuaí Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho 99, Catuaí Vermelho 144 e Catiguá) cultivadas em casa de vegetação, associado a aplicação do bioestimulante (Stimulate ®), de micronutriente (Mo+Co) e controle. As plantas foram avaliadas 150 dias após a semeadura. O maior índice de velocidade de germinação de sementes (0,10) foi obtido com bioestimulante e com micronutriente. A maior altura de planta, 8,88 cm, foi atingida com o bioestimulante em Catuaí Amarelo. O Catuaí Amarelo e o Catuaí Vermelho obtiveram maior número de pares de folhas (4,5) com uso de bioestimulante e o Catuaí Amarelo (4,38) com uso de micronutriente. Em Catuaí Amarelo foram atingidos maiores massa seca da parte aérea e área foliar com uso do bioestimulante, chegando a 1,69 g e 19,55 cm 2 , respectivamente. Os maiores valores de massa seca de raiz (0,76 g) e índice de qualidade de Dickson (0,47 e 0,48) foram obtidos com o uso de micronutrientes para as cultivares de Catuaí Amarelo e vermelho. O desenvolvimento de mudas de Catuaí Amarelo foi beneficiado com a aplicação de Stimulate ® e a culti...
The competition between soybean and weeds affects crop development due to reduced resources such as water, light, and nutrients, leading to yield losses. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively, through phytosociology and seed bank, the weed presence in a soybean cultivation area with different predecessor cover crops. The experiment was installed under no-till system conditions using a randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were composed of the following cover crops, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), crotalaria (Crotalaria ochroleuca), millet (Pennisetum americanum), Urochloa ruziziensis, U. brizantha cv. Piatã, fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.), U. brizantha cv. Xaraés, millet + fodder radish, and fallow. The soybean crop was established on the cover crops in the 2019/20 harvest. Soybean characteristics, the seed bank, and weed phytosociology were evaluated. The highest soybean yield was obtained with U. ruziziensis as predecessor cover crop, reaching 4530 kg ha-1. It was concluded that the following cover crops, sorghum, crotalaria, and millet, were the ones that most suppressed the soil weed seed bank. Contrarily, the fallow provided the greatest viable seed number. The weed species Eleusine indica, Digitaria insularis, and Cenchrus echinatus had higher phytosociological values in all treatments.
Banana crop presents rapid growth and high fruit production, demanding intense fertilization, with nitrogen and potassium being the most outstanding nutrients. However, national productivity is still low, indicating the need for studies to improve the performance of this fruit. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and fruit characteristics of Thap Maeo banana, second cycle, under nitrogen and potassium fertilization. Plants of the cultivar Thap Maeo were used in spacing of 2.5 m x 2.5 m. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme with three replicates. The combination of presence (400 kg ha-1) or absence of nitrogen and four doses of potassium (0, 300, 600 and 900 kg of K2O ha-1) composed the treatments. It was observed that the application of K2O at the best doses gave gains of 8.5; 5.9; 16.3; 50.2; 20.0 and 27.6%, respectively, for the hands per bunch, fruits per hand, fruits per bunch, fruit diameter and fruit length, and fruit yield, when compared to the control. It was concluded that the use of nitrogen in association with K2O influences in isolation the number of hands per bunch and fruits per bunch, increasing their values. The variables hands per bunch, fruits per hand, fruits per bunch, fruit diameter, length and yield were benefited by the application of K2O, and the best doses were in the range of 502.7 to 658.0 kg ha-1.
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