Only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor reverted the hormonal and testis alterations caused by the high energy density diet. This suggests that enalapril should be the drug of choice for a patient who presents with previous reproductive dysfunction.
InTRODUcTIOnProstate cancer is by far the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in that population. In Brazil, prostate cancer is also the second cause of death in males, being the most frequent cancer after skin tumors. Thus, the progression of prostate cancer from histologic cancer to clinically detectable and metastasizing cancer is of utmost importance.
PURPOSE:To investigate the effects of the maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy to adult male testis mice offspring. METHODS:Twenty pregnant mice were divided into control group (c) and caffeine group (cf). dams received daily saline or 20 mg/kg of caffeine subcutaneously. Male offspring were monitored daily until 13 th week. The testis were used to evaluate both the proliferation (pcna) and apoptosis (bax); leptin receptor (ob-r); aromatase; follicle stimulating hormone (fshr), luteinizing hormone (lhr) and androgen receptors (ar); steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star); vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and estrogen receptors (erα and erβ) by western blotting. Serum concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and leptin were measured. RESULTS:There was a significant reduction in food intake and the body mass gain (p<0.05) in the cf ; pcna (p=0.01), fshr (p=0.02), star (p=0.0007), vegf (p=0.009), ar (p=0.03) in the cf. while an increase were note in bax (p=0.01), ob-r (p=0.02), lhr (p=0.04) and in the aromatase (p=0.03) in the cf. only erα and erβ were not changed by maternal caffeine. The serum testosterone levels in the cf offspring were 90% lower than in the c offspring (p=0.04). CONCLUSION:Maternal caffeine consumption has a role and alters the testis of the offspring in adulthood.
The origin and distribution of the obturator nerves at both sides were studied in 33 newborns goats of the Saanen breed, 22 males and 11 females. These specimens were collected after natural death and submitted to fixation in a 10% formaldehyde solution. In males the obturator nerves arose from the ventral branch of the fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves in 13 animals (59.09%), in two (9.09%) arose from the ventral branch of the fifth lumbar spinal nerves, in two (9.09%) arose from the ventral branch of the sixth lumbar spinal nerves, in three (13.64%) arose from the ventral branch of the fourth and fifth lumbar spinal nerves and in one (4.55%) arose from the ventral branch of the sixth lumbar spinal nerves and the ventral branch of the first sacral spinal nerves. In females, the obturator nerves arose from the ventral branch of the fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves in five animals (45.45%), in one (9.09%) arose from the ventral branch of the sixth lumbar spinal nerves, in four (36.36%) arose from the ventral branch of the fourth and fifth lumbar spinal nerves and in one arose from the ventral branch of the fourth, fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves. There was involvement of the femoral and sciatic nerves in the formation of the obturator nerve. In all animals, the right and left obturator nerves were distributed in differents branches to the adductor, pectinius, gracil, internal and external obturator muscles. There were no significant differences among the frequencies of origin (p=0.49) and muscular branches (p=0.33) of the obturator nerves in both sexes and antimeres.Keywords: Obturator nerves, Saanen, variation. ResumoForam estudadas a origem e a distribuição dos nervos obturatórios, de ambos os antímeros, em 33 caprinos neonatos da raça Saanen, 22 machos e 11 fêmeas. Após morte natural, foram submetidos à fixação em solução de formaldeído a 10%. O nervo obturatório teve sua origem a partir dos ramos ventrais do quinto e sexto nervos espinhais lombares em 13 machos (59,09%) e em cinco fêmeas (45,45%), do ramo ventral do quinto nervo espinhal lombar em dois machos (9,09%), do ramo ventral do sexto nervo espinhal lombar em dois machos (9,09%) e em uma fêmea (9,09%), dos ramos ventrais do quarto e quinto nervos espinhais lombares em três machos (13,64%) e em quatro fêmeas (36,36%), dos ramos ventrais do sexto nervo espinhal lombar e primeiro nervo espinhal sacral em um macho (4,55%), dos ramos ventrais do quinto e sexto nervos espinhais lombares e primeiro nervo espinhal sacral em um macho (4,55%) e dos ramos ventrais do quarto, quinto e sexto nervos espinhais lombares em uma fêmea (9,09%). Houve participação dos nervos femorais e isquiáticos para formação do nervo obturatório O nervo obturatório cedeu em todos os animais e em ambos os antímeros, ramos variáveis para os músculos adutor, pectíneo, grácil, obturador externo e parte intrapélvica do obturador externo. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as frequências da origem (p=0,49) e de ramos musculares (p=0,33) dos nervos obtur...
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