The establishment of clonal seed orchards is a viable option for the continuous production of improved seed of desired genotypes. Grafting is the main technique used to establish clonal seed orchards. The objective of this study was to examine how the geographic location and the age class of the donor trees of buds, the phenological status of the buds, and the anatomical characteristics of the scions and the rootstocks affect the survival and growth of Pinus engelmannii Carr. grafts. Scions were collected from two trees in each of three age classes (young, middle-aged, and old). Grafting was performed with buds in two physiological states (end of dormancy and beginning of sprouting). Cross-sections of the grafted organs were obtained for anatomical analysis. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the effects of the variables that were considered. The age class of the scion donor trees, the total area of the cut surface of the scion, and the density of resin channels in the scions significantly affected (p < 0.05) survival of the grafts. By contrast, the physiological state of the buds and the other anatomical characteristics of the grafted organs did not significantly affect graft survival. In P. engelmannii, grafting was most effective when scions from middle-aged trees were used. Graft survival was enhanced by a small total area of the cut surface of the scion and low density of resin channels in the scions. The area of the cambium of the scions directly influenced growth of the grafts.
En México, la producción anual de madera es de aproximadamente 8 millones de m3. De este volumen, 70 % se destina a la industria del aserrío, generando alrededor de 2.8 millones de m3 de desechos, principalmente aserrín, virutas y cortezas. El manejo de estos residuos representa un problema en la actualidad, pues se emplean principalmente como fuente de energía, afectando negativamente el ambiente, generando polvo en el aire y contribuyendo a la emisión de dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera. Además, los desechos perjudican la salud de trabajadores y habitantes de las zonas cercanas a los aserraderos, al generar problemas ambientales como incendios y autocombustión. En consecuencia, es necesario encontrar alternativas de uso de los residuos. La mayoría de estos son ricos en celulosa, hemicelulosa, lignina y otras sustancias de bajo peso molecular, características deseables en muchos procesos industriales. Las sustancias extraíbles podrían emplearse en dichos procesos, disminuyendo así el impacto ambiental. Esta revisión proporciona alternativas sustentables para el desarrollo y aprovechamiento de los recursos de la industria forestal, con base en la información disponible sobre la aplicación y uso de los residuos forestales.
Buddleja scordioides has a rich phytochemical composition and reported medicinal properties. An increase in its secondary metabolites production could improve its functional properties. A strategy to enhance its biological potential is to subject the plant to elicitation with phytohormones such as salicylic acid under controlled environmental conditions. The present study explores the effect of exogenous application of three salicylic acid levels as elicitation treatment in B. scordioides plants. Phenolic profile, enzymatic activities, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. Elicitation with 100 µM of salicylic acid resulted in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with recognized biological activity.
No abstract
Substrate is a factor that significantly influences the quality and production costs of nursery seedlings. The objective of this study was to evaluate combinations of peat moss, composted pine bark, and fresh pine sawdust in order to identify the proportions that favour the quality of Pinus engelmannii Carr. seedlings and minimise the production costs in the nursery. Substrates were formed using mixtures of peat moss (15% to 50%), composted pine bark (15% to 50%) and fresh pine sawdust (20% to 70%), with 2, 4 and 6 g L−1 of controlled release fertilizer (Multicote®, Haifa, Israel). A completely randomised experimental design with a factorial arrangement of 7 × 3 was used. The evaluated factors are root collar diameter, biomass, N-P-K content, and production costs of the substrates which were determined based on the container volume and three commercial quotations. Significant differences were found in root collar diameter and biomass, highlighting the treatments using 50% to 70% sawdust with 6 g L−1 of fertilizer. Assimilated values of N-P-K were acceptable in all treatments with 4 and 6 g L−1 of fertilizer. In the substrates with high percentages of sawdust, seedlings with morphological characteristics and nutritional levels within the values recommended for conifers were produced. In addition, it was possible to reduce the production cost of the substrates by up to 67%.
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