This article analyses the dynamics of family solidarity in Spain. The existing literature so far has defined the Spanish caring model as familistic due to the primacy of the family in the protection of dependants. However, this article shows that recent data on Spaniards' preferences concerning the care of their family dependents might question the sustainability of the bases of such model. This is consistent with the results of the OASIS Project (Lownstein and Daatlan 2006), according to which societal changes may be leading to family care becoming less duty-driven and more dependent on personal affection and attachment.2 The Spanish welfare state is labelled as familistic because family makes up for the lack of public benefits dampening adverse economic cycles and the problems of its more fragile members: children, young people and, especially, the elderly. Family solidarity is considered beneficial because it contains public spending and generates positive effects of solidarity and security in the population. Moreover, the expectations of the dependent elderly are focused on family, not on social services that always have been scarce in Spain and they are worsening with the economic crisis. But the Spanish welfare state based on familist values appears to be increasingly ineffective and more difficult to sustain. This article explains how changes in family structure and dynamics, along with the high rates of female labour force that Spain has recently achieved, affect family caregiving preferences and strategies.
El propósito de este artículo es aportar conocimiento sobre la exclusión residencial de las mujeres sin hogar. La exclusión social se produce a partir de procesos o trayectorias de vida en las que las personas se van desvinculando progresivamente de las instituciones sociales que garantizan la integración en nuestra sociedad. En el caso de las mujeres, dichos procesos se vinculan a las desigualdades sociales de género y transcurren de forma invisible a lo largo de sus trayectorias vitales. Para comprenderlos se hace necesario identificar los factores desencadenantes y protectores que inciden en la exclusión residencial femenina y reflexionar sobre ellos en clave de género. El presente artículo aborda esta materia a partir de los resultados derivados de una investigación realizada en la Universidad de Barcelona (2016-2018). Los principales factores desencadenantes de la exclusión residencial femenina son una mayor vulnerabilidad a cambios estructurales en su entorno que limiten su independencia económica y la sucesión de diversas formas de violencia en sus trayectorias vitales. Destacan como factores protectores, las estrategias vinculadas a las redes de soporte social y al acompañamiento social realizado por los trabajadores sociales. Se concluye el artículo aportando algunas propuestas desde la perspectiva de género y bajo un prisma integral y comunitario que tenga como objetivo la consecución de una ciudadanía inclusiva.
In Spain, the introduction of the new Diploma in Nursing in 1977 saw the role of nurses shifting from that of medical assistants with technical skills to being independent members of the healthcare team with specific responsibility for providing professional nursing care. Here we analyse the evolution of the nursing profession in Spain following the transfer of nurse education to universities, doing so through interviews with the first generation of academic tutors. This was a qualitative study using the method of analytic induction and based on the principles of grounded theory. Participants were selected by means of theoretical sampling and then underwent in-depth interviews. Steps were taken to ensure the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability of data. The main conclusion of the analysis is that there is a gap between a theoretical framework borrowed from the Anglo-American context and a nursing practice that, in Spain, has traditionally prioritised the application of technical procedures, a role akin to that of a medical assistant. It is argued that a key factor underlying the way in which nursing in Spain has evolved in recent decades is the lack of conceptual clarity regarding what the role of the professional nurse might actually entail in practice.
The theory of social capital rarely takes economic variables into account. This article confirms that economic factors had greater explanatory power for social trust and trust in institutions during times of economic crisis, due mainly to increased economic polarization of the population. We use Spain as a case study to analyse the impact of a number of variables on social and institutional trust before and during the economic crisis. The economic crisis in Spain resulted in a paradox: a notable decline in trust in institutions, together with a surprising increase -rather than the expected decrease -in social trust. The data analysed here also highlight the possibility that the two types of trust did not track in a mutually supportive manner due to the emergence of Movimiento 15M, which gave rise to the appearance of new political parties such as Podemos, on the extreme left of the electoral scale.
The economic crisis of 2008 led to a significant erosion of trust in the countries that were hit hardest. However, whether this fall can best be explained by external economic factors or by the lack of response on the part of the institutions to civic needs and demands is unclear. This study uses the extreme case of Spain to bring new insights to this debate. Its aim is to analyse, in comparison with perceived institutional performance and other factors, the effect of increasing economic inequality and its polarisation on levels of social and institutional trust. The study examines the respective impact of these factors upon different social groups according to their degree of exposure to the effects of the crisis. It uses a simultaneous equations model to jointly examine interpersonal and institutional effects. Our results show that the social groups most severely affected by the recession lose a great deal of trust in others. We also find that polarisation of economic conditions has different effects depending on the institution. Institutional trust seems to vary according to the interest of different groups, but the economic position is an underlying factor, especially for specific segments of the population. Without calling into question the importance of institutional performance, our research sheds new light on the importance of economic polarisation and its joint impact on social and institutional trust. We suggest that, in severe economic recession scenarios, rising inequalities have a direct impact on the institutional trust of certain social groups and deteriorate a lot interpersonal confidence among the most disadvantaged.
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