Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are currently in clinical trials partly due to their potent antiangiogenic effects. However, the detailed mechanism of their action is unclear. Here, we observed that several HDACIs (TSA, SB, Apicidin, and VPA) dramatically decreased HIF-1• protein level and transcriptional activity of HIF-1 in human and mouse tumor cell lines. Furthermore, class I HDACs, HDAC1 and 3 enhanced HIF-1• stability and HIF-1 transactivation function in hypoxic conditions. In addition, immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding assays revealed that HDAC1 and 3 directly bind to the oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-1•. Collectively, these results suggest that HDAC1 and 3 are considered as a positive regulator of HIF-1• stability via direct interaction and may play an important role in HIF-1-induced tumor angiogenesis.

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In this paper, we discuss the potential of using virtual reality collaborative platforms for e-learning to improve the quality of online education. First, we explore the characteristics of existing online platforms that can be used for e-learning. Second, we present a method for creating a Virtual Reality Collaborative Environment (VRCE) for e-learning using an online platform, namely FrameVR. Third, an experiment is conducted to investigate participants' behavioural and emotional engagement when using Zoom and the VRCE for online learning. Valid survey data from twenty-two participants are analysed. Then, participants are interviewed about their perceptions of using a VRCE for e-learning. The results of the experiment confirm that using a VRCE can increase student engagement, especially emotional engagement compared to Zoom. However, the findings also suggest that there is still room for improvement in the use of VRCE for elearning. Therefore, further suggestions are made on the drawbacks of VRCE to improve the user experience. This paper provides insight into incorporating VRCE to enhance the e-learning experience and contribute to the development of online education.

Comparative studies of microbiome variation in world populations and different developmental stages of organisms are essential to decipher the linkages among microbiome, health, and disease. Notably, the gut microbiota are believed to mature in early life. In this context, we compared the gut microbiota diversity in Korean adolescent healthy samples (KAHSs) to healthy Korean adults (HKAs) as well as the Human Microbiome Project healthy samples (HMPHSs), the latter being one of the largest adult cohorts, based on organismal composition, alpha- and beta-diversities, function/pathway prediction analysis, and co-occurrence networks. We found that the gut microbiota compositions, including the ratios of firmicutes to bacteroidetes, between KAHSs and HMPHSs were different, and the diversities of KAHSs were less than those of HMPHSs. The predicted functions, for example, secondary bile acid synthesis and insulin signaling of KAHSs and HMPHSs, were also significantly different. Genus-level networks showed that co-occurrences among different taxa more frequently happened in HMPHSs than in KAHSs. Even though both KAHSs and HMPHSs represent healthy microbiomes, comparisons showed substantial differences, likely implicating different diets, environments, and demographics. Interestingly, we observed lower microbial diversities and less frequent co-occurrences among different taxa in KAHSs than adult HMPHSs and HKAs. These new findings collectively suggest that the adolescent gut microbiota in the present Korean sample did not reach the extent of maturity of adult microbiota diversity. In all, further population studies of microbiome variation across geographies and developmental stages are warranted, and should usefully inform future diagnostics and therapeutics innovation targeting the microbiome.

This paper examines food access disparity in relation to neighborhood diversity, especially race/ethnicity and poverty in a changing intrametropolitan spatial structure, using the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as a case study. With detailed grocery store data, this study finds a substantive change in food access between 2003 and 2015 in terms of both the number of grocery stores and the gravity-based accessibility indicator, although such access varies by neighborhood characteristics and spatial location in terms of central city, inner-ring suburbs, and outer-ring suburbs. While access to grocery stores for minority-concentrated neighborhoods in outer-ring suburbs is comparable to other neighborhoods, neighborhoods with a high share of African American residents in inner-ring suburbs and those with a high share of Latino residents in the central city have significantly lower access to food outlets. Neighborhoods with higher poverty rate tend to have more food outlets across the region except for in inner-ring suburbs.