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This paper presents a new experimental paradigm for the study of human-computer interaction, Five experiments provide evidence that individuals' interactions with computers are fundamentally social. The studies show that social responses to computers are not the result of conscious beliefs that computers are human or human-like. Moreover, such behaviors do not result from users' ignorance or from psychological or social dysfunctions, nor from a belief that subjects are interacting with programmers. Rather, social responses to computers are commonplace and easy to generate. The results reported here present numerous and unprecedented hypotheses, unexpected implications for design, new approaches to usability testing, and direct methods for verii3cation.

This paper presents a new experimental paradigm for the study of human-computer interaction.Five experiments provide evidence that individuals' interactions with computem are fundamentally social. The studies show that social responses to computers are not the result of conscious beliefs that computers are human or human-like. Moreover, such behaviors do not result from users' ignorance or from psychological or social dysfunctions, nor from a belief that subjects are interacting with programmers.Rather, social responses to computers are commonplace and easy to generate. The results reported here present numerous and unprecedented hypotheses, unexpected implications for design, new approaches to usability testing, and direct methods for verifkation.The design of richly informative interfaces would benefit from an account of how visual forms convey information.In this paper we suggest that the study of form-giving in Industrial Engineering might provide a foundation for such an account. We present three studies of designed synesthesia, in which objects' forms indicate non-visible attributes such as taste or smell. These studies illustrate the rich possibilities for conveying information with form, possibilities which are routinely exploited in industrial design. We believe that similax opportunities exist for interface design, and that further studies of form-giving may help in taking advantage of them. Results of a student exercise expressing computer metaphors in 3D forms will be discussed.204

Can adults be induced to use social rules distinguishing "seJf' and "other" to respnd to the behrmiors of technologies? In a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects laboratory experiment involving the use of multiple computers with voice output, 88 computer-literate college students used a computerfor tutoring and a different computerfor testing. The performance ofthe tutoring session was either praised or m'ticized (Manipulation I) in the same voice as the tutoring session or a distinct voice (Manipulation 2) via the computer (box) that performed the tutoring or a distinct computer (box;Manipulation 3). Respondents were shown to use voices but not boxes to distinguish "self%om "other" behavior in applying thesocial rules "Poformance evaluationsfrom othersare moreaccumte than are petfmance evaluations of sey," "Praisefrom others isfnendlier than pmisefrm seg" and "Criticismfrom seyisfiendlier than is m'ticismfrom others," to mluate the tutoring and evaluation session.ne of the basic premises of communication research is that the receiver's perception of a source and the receiver's 0 response to the source's message are mutually causal. In one direction, the perceived motives, intentions, attitudes, and knowledge of a sender influence the perceived meaning of and responses to a

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