Machines, social attributions, and ethopoeia: performance assessments of computers subsequent to "self-" or "other-" evaluations

Experience as a moderator of the media equation: the impact of flattery and praise

“…It seems unlikely that a majority of these participants suffered from a social or psychological deficiency that led them to believe that computers are actually human. Moreover, when debriefed, participants in the studies insisted they would not respond socially to a computer and strongly denied that they would ever exhibit the behaviours they had actually shown in the studies (Nass, Steuer et al, 1994a;Nass, Fogg et al, 1996;Nass and Moon, 2000). Such denials are inconsistent with the idea that the participants actually believe that computers are essentially human 1 .…”

“…The 'computer as a proxy' argument is based on the notion that when an individual responds socially to a computer they are, in fact, responding to the machine as a human artefact. That is, the machine is merely a medium that embodies the responses of the producer or programmer (Nass and Steuer, 1993;Nass, Steuer et al, 1994a;Nass, Steuer et al, 1994b;Nass, Fogg and Moon, 1996;Nass and Moon, 2000;Sundar and Nass, 2000). Inherent in both the anthropomorphism and computer as proxy explanations is that individuals' social responses to technology are consistent with their beliefs about the technology: the computer is treated like a person because it either is perceived to be or perceived to represent a human being.…”

The moderating role of prior experience in technological acceptance models for ubiquitous computing services in urban environments

“…Nass et al [43] found that people respond socially to computing technology even when they believe that they should not. Further, Reeves and Nass [44] suggest that 'all people automatically and unconsciously respond socially to media even though they believe that it is not reasonable to do so'.…”

Artificial companions with personality and social role

“…Gender stereotypes were observed: users trust more a machine endowed with a male voice and estimate that a machine having a female voice has higher relational skills [43]. Nass et al [44] observe that standards of social utility and social desirability also applied to HCI. The performances of computers are judged as being superior when they are valorized by other computers that when it is the computer that praises itself.…”

“…For example, Van den Bosch et al [66] selected only extraversion and agreeableness to impact the conversational behavior of a virtual house buyer. Nass et al [44][42] propose models of virtual agents based on the social context and intra individual differences. A few other authors base their models on a socio-cognitive approach, which focuses on understanding the cognitive, emotional, and social processes that characterizes individuals.…”